1 Adapting to Life’s Challenges Individuals within Communities within Environments Dr Brian M. Hughes, PhD Director.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
What we know about Health in BME Communities Dr. Sakthi Karunanithi Lancashire County Council.
Advertisements

Life expectancy by NS-SEC Structure, technical and conceptual issues and results BSPS 8 Sept 2011 Brian Johnson ONS Health & Life Events Division Newport.
Government Social Research Unit Philip Davies PhD Government Social Research Unit HM Treasury London SW1A 2HQ What Can Social.
Sedentary Lifestyle Are We So Lazy That It’s Killing Us?
Health Psychology. What Do Health Psychologists Do? yTeachers, research scientists, clinicians yApplied health psychologists: licensed practitioners who.
Public Health Perspective on Radon Control in Ireland Dr. Ina Kelly Specialist Registrar in Public Health Medicine Health Service Executive Department.
British Cardiac Intervention Society Risk Assessment In Acute Coronary Syndromes Dr David Newby BHF Senior Lecturer in Cardiology Associate Director of.
The Specifics of By Charles Gilpin. What is Health Psychology?  Definition: A field of psychology that contributes to both behavioral medicine and behavioral.
Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 0.
Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. Chapter 21 Populations with Chronic Diseases.
Skill building: Determining priorities and decision making: Using the best evidence and mindful community process Sharon McDonnell MD MPH.
This project is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Grant #R01-OH , “Health Disparities among Healthcare.
A Health Based Approach Within The UN Conventions: Examples Of Practice Fay Watson, Vice Chair: EU Civil Society Forum on Drugs.
Chapter 11 Stress and Physical Health
Gender Competency Training for Medical Educators 28 th of April 2003 Evidence of gender difference and its clinical significance Ann-Maree Nobelius Faculty.
Social Aspects of Diseases. Dr. Mostafa Arafa Associate Prof. of Family and Community medicine Faculty of medicine, medical sciences King Khaled University,
Sources of Stress: Work Around 500,000 UK workers believe work stress is making them ill Around 500,000 UK workers believe work stress is making them ill.
Incidence and Prognostic Implications of Stable Angina Pectoris Among Women and Men Harry Hemingway FRCP, Alison McCallum MB/BS, Martin Shipley MSc, Kristiina.
Health Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Paula A. Johnson, MD, MPH Chief, Division of Women’s Health; Executive Director, Connors Center for Women’s.
Chapter 2 summary “The health status of Australians”
Progress with the literature reviews for the CHOICE programme Chris Dickens.
December Cardiac Rehabilitation Are you or someone you know missing the benefits of Cardiac Rehabilitation?
Quality of employment, psychosocial risks and mental health among salaried workers in Chile: a gender perspective Ximena Díaz Amalia Mauro IAFFE Annual.
Coping and social support Death of a spouse Jennifer Tetzlaff EPI 6181 November 2006.
Population Health: Challenges for Science and Society David Mechanic, Ph.D. Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research Rutgers, the State.
Buckinghamshire County Council What’s the story ? Dr. Jane O’Grady Director of Public Health Buckinghamshire Buckinghamshire County Council.
Citation Zajac, I. T., Duncan, A., Flight, I., Wilson, C., Wittert, G., & Turnbull, D (2015). The Relationship of Self-Rated Health and Health Priorities.
Work and Elder Care: Effects on Health, Well-Being, and Work Margaret B. Neal, Ph.D. Portland State University Institute on Aging School of Community Health.
Social determinants of health - how are inequalities expressed in working life? Susanna Toivanen Presentation at ENSP/Fiocruz Aug 21 st, 2013.
Inequalities in Health Work-related policies and interventions.
European Society of Cardiology Cardiovascular diseases in women.
Section 18: Health and Well-Being Psychology in Modules by Saul Kassin.
Physical Disorders and Health Psychology. Psychological and Social Influences on Health Top fatal diseases no longer infectious Psychology and behavior.
Dr. YASER ALHUTHAIL Associate Professor & Consultant Consultation Liaison Psychiatry.
March 2011 What is public health?. March 2011 Public health What is it? Who works in or contributes to public health? How is it organised? Main functions.
Introduction: Medical Psychology and Border Areas
Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) in General Practice Karen Kjær Larsen MD, PhD student Department of General Practice School of Public Health Aarhus University.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Determinants of Health. The determinants of health There are a number of factors that cause variations in health status these include environmental, biomedical,
Lancet 373: , 2009 Baseline Characteristics of Participants and Study Design of Clinical Trials to Compare Intensive glucose- lowering versus.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Depression At its worst, depression can lead to suicide. Almost 1 million lives are lost yearly due to suicide, which translates to 3000 suicide deaths.
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc Chapter 14 Health Psychology.
Health Benefits of Physical Activity: Implications for Sustainable Communities June 25, 2015.
Sources of Stress Life change Research into the impact of critical life events Research into the impact of critical life events Key study: Rahe et al (1970)
SPIDA, June 7, 2004 Making sense to policy-making: Some research examples from the intersection of labour market policy and health policy Cam Mustard,
Social determinants. Determinants of health The range of social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or.
Heart Disease, Stroke, Cancer, & AIDS Dr. A. H. Teich Chapter 14.
The Global Situation: Occupational Injuries and Diseases
Introduction to Mental Health Mental Illness: Mad, Sad, or Bad? Introduction to Mental Health Mental Illness: Mad, Sad, or Bad?
Research Design Mixed methods:  Systematic Review,  Qualitative study, Interviews & focus groups with service users, Interviews & focus groups with healthcare.
Spencer Nance PSY 328/01 March 11, 2015 Dr. Gordon Cappelletty.
The MICRO-HOPE. Microalbuminuria, Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Reference Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation.
Vilnius, November 2007 Anne Degrand-Guillaud 1 Public and Occupational Health: beyond the classical boundaries Dr. Anne Degrand-Guillaud European Commission.
FROM RESEARCH TO POLICY ON INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH Michael Marmot International Centre for Health and Society University College London LONDON PUBLIC HEALTH.
Chapter 13 Psychology and Health. Module 13.1 Stress: What It Is and What It Does to the Body.
NHS Health Check programme An opportunity to engage 15 million people to live well for longer Louise Cleaver National Programme Support Manager.
Opportunities for integrating mental health care into maternal health care platforms in low-resource settings Joy Noel Baumgartner, PhD, MSSW Evidence.
Coping with Stress By: Denise McCoy and Jennifer Allen.
PSYC 2301-D: Introduction to Health Psychology. TEST 2 Defining social support. Occupational health and safety –Challenges from an organizational perspective.
Psychological Aspects of Stress
Benefits of Exercise over Lifespan Going for the 3 Increases: Increase in Health, Increase in Happiness & Increase in Energy Strategies for Success in.
LEADER trial: Primary Outcome
Personality and stress
The Healthy Workplace Cristina G. Banks, PhD Haas School of Business &
HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk Epidemiological evidence
Alcohol control laws, inequalities and geographical clusters of hazardous alcohol use in Geneva, Switzerland José Luis Sandoval1,2,3, Teresa Leão4, Rebecca.
Socioeconomic influences on
Heart Disease, Stroke, Cancer, & AIDS
Stress and coronary heart diseases
Presentation transcript:

1 Adapting to Life’s Challenges Individuals within Communities within Environments Dr Brian M. Hughes, PhD Director

2 Socioeconomic climate and well-being Social class and health –Edwin Chadwick (1842), life expectancies Gentry: 35 yrs Labourers, mechanics, servants: 15 yrs Recommended:

3 Socioeconomic climate and well-being Health of the Nation programme, 1995 –LE at birth 7 yrs higher in SC-I vs. SC-V –SC-V children more risk of accidental death than SC-I –62/66 causes of death in men and 64/70 causes of death in women more common in SC-IV and SC-V combined –SC-I women have a registered incidence of breast cancer 1.5 times higher than SC-V United Kingdom Registrar General classifications Social class I Professional Social class II Managerial/lower professional Social class IIIN Skilled non-manual Social class IIIM Skilled manual Social class IV Partly skilled Social class V Unskilled

4 Socioeconomic climate and well-being The Whitehall Studies – Marmot et al. (1991) –Lower grades: More smoking More death, even when controlling for smoking Poorer health attitudes Less control, variety, skill, social support More hostility, stress Fewer cars

5 International/regional variations World life expectancies See for more. Socioeconomic climate and well-being

6 WHO, Global Strategy on Occupational Health (1995) Workplace hazards –30-50% of workers experience hazardous physical, chemical, and biological exposures –“Equal number” experience “psychological overload at work leading to stress symptoms” Psychological stress and well-being

7 Whitehall studies: Depression Griffin, J., Fuhrer, R., Stansfeld, S., & Marmot, M. (2002). The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: Do these effects vary by gender and social class? Social Science and Medicine, 54, * *

8 Whitehall studies: Coronary events Marmot, M. G., Bosma, H., Hemingway, H., Brunner, E., & Stansfeld, S. (1997). Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease. Lancet, 350,

9 Grant, J. S., et al. (2006). Social support, social problem-solving abilities, and adjustment of family caregivers of stroke survivors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87, Family caregivers

10 INTERHEART study: Myocardial infarction Rosengren, A., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Sliwa, K., Zubaid, M., Alhahmeed, W. A., et al. (2004). Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in cases and controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet, 364, *

11 INTERHEART study: Myocardial infarction Rosengren, A., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Sliwa, K., Zubaid, M., Alhahmeed, W. A., et al. (2004). Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in cases and controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet, 364, *

12 Whitehall studies: Coronary events Marmot, M. G., Bosma, H., Hemingway, H., Brunner, E., & Stansfeld, S. (1997). Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease. Lancet, 350, *

13 Hammar, N., Alfredsson, L. & Johnson, J. V. (1998). Job strain, social support at work, and incidence of myocardial infarction. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 548−553. Social support, stress, and health *

14 Kalra, L., et al. (2004). Training care givers of stroke patients: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 328, Social support as an intervention?

15 Patel, A., et al. (2004). Training care givers of stroke patients: Economic evaluation. British Medical Journal, 328, Social support as an intervention?

16 Moderators of the effects of stress on well-being What have social scientists found?

17 Environment: –demands/control Social: –social support Personal: – personality Moderators of the effects of stress See wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/01/22/GR html wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/01/22/GR html

18 Personality: Esteem By logic, self-esteem should influence coping with stress –E.g., Low esteem should precipitate appraisal of coping resources as scarce Empirical research regularly shows esteem-type variables to be associated with health –Self-esteem (e.g., Rasmussen et al., 1996) –Self-efficacy (e.g., Schwarzer, e.g., 1992) –Mastery (e.g., Karasek & Theorell, 1990) –Hardiness (e.g., Maddi & Kobasa, 1984) –Locus of control (e.g., Mueller et al., 1998) –Health Locus of Control (e.g., Wallston et al., 1978) –Self-faith (e.g., Tipton et al., 1980) –Neuroticism (e.g., Shipley et al., 2007)

19 Hostility, Anger, etc. Strong correlations with CHD e.g., Gallacher et al. (1999) Many types Interventions: e.g., Siegman et al. (1992) Disease outcomes Atherosclerosis (e.g., Matthews et al., 1998) Myocardial infarction (e.g., Kawachi et al., 1996) Stroke (e.g., Everson et al., 1999) CHD mortality (e.g., Chaput et al., 2002) Personality: Others

20 Implications for Social Scientists and Policy Well-being of humans is determined by a multiplicity of factors Adaptive functioning of communities offers a buffer against life’s challenges Social scientists’ study of adaptive communities always benefits from holistic contextual treatments –“Psychosocial” – psychological, social –“Biopsychosocial” – biological, psychological, social The unique experiences of “individuals” should not be forgotten when studying the “social” system Social scientists can — and should — offer evidence-bases for policy, and contribute to cost-benefit analyses

21