CP and other punishment

2 Concordance Between Parents In Corporal Punishment of 7-9 Year Old Children In 9 Nations (N=1,297) % Of Families Lansford, J. E., Woodlief, D., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T.,... Dodge, K. A. (2014). A longitudinal examination of mothers' and fathers' social information processing biases and harsh discipline in nine countries. Development and Psychopathology, 26(3), doi: /s Dyadic Concordance Type

3 Concordance Between Parents in Corporal Punishment At Age 10 of University Students in 15 nations (N=11,408) % Of Families Straus, M.A. Crime by University Students In 15 Nations: Links To Spanking And Positive Parenting At Age 10 By Father, Mother, And Both Parents. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting. Atlanta, Georgia. 22 November, 2013 DT-CP 02

4 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Dyadic Concordance Types For Experiencing Corporal Punishment (Any & 3 + Times) When Participants in 2 nd National Family Violence Survey Were Teens (N=6,002) % Dyadic Concordance Types Type Any corporal punishment Couple Prevalence: 49% 3+ times corporal punishment Couple Prevalence: 27% RespondentsMaleFemale

% Dyadic Concordance Types For High Punishment of Child for Aggression By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 5 Prevalence 70% Mother-father r=.42 Punishment for Aggression-Rewards and punishments of various intensities administered by socializing agents contingent upon the child's ag- gressive behavior. Example: What do you usually do when NAME is rude to you? (Verbatim response and probes recorded, subsequently rated by three judges on a scale from 1 to 7.) 1. rewarding aggression, 2. don't do anything, 3-7. mild to severe punishment for aggression. Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

% Dyadic Concordance Types For High Punishment of Child for Dependency By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 6 Prevalence 72% Mother-Father r= -.04 Punishment for Dependency-Rewards and punishments of various intensities administered by socializing agent when child asks for help. Ex- ample: What do you usually do when NAME asks for help? (Each response was rated by three Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

% Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., Guterman, N. B., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence. Pediatrics, Spanked in past month: 65% Concordance Between Parents In Spanking 3 Year Old Children in The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=1,997) Dyadic Concordance Type

Any (Mostly Spanking) Severe (Physical Abuse) % Dyadic Concordance Types for Parental Assault Against Young Children As Reported By 453 Couples with Children age Smith Slep, A. M. & O’Leary, S. G. (2009). Distinguishing risk profiles among parent-only, partner-only, and dually perpetrating physical aggressors. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), doi: /a Couple- Prevalence Any: 87% Severe: 13%

GALLUP 1995 DT FOR CP

Other Parent Behaviors

% Concordance Between Parents In Verbal Affection To Them As Recalled By 2, Year Old Individuals 11  Prevalence Affection by one or the other parent: 83%  Chart shows which parent did it. Polcari, A., Rabi, K., Bolger, E., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Parental verbal affection and verbal aggression in childhood differentially influence psychiatric symptoms and wellbeing in young adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), doi:

% Concordance Between Parents In Verbal Aggression To Them As Recalled By 2, Year Old Individuals 12 Polcari, A., Rabi, K., Bolger, E., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Parental verbal affection and verbal aggression in childhood differentially influence psychiatric symptoms and wellbeing in young adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), doi: Prevalence: 33%

% Concordance Between Parents In Rejection Of Child By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 13 Prevalence 68% Mother-father r=.64 Parental Rejection-The number of changes in the child's behavior (aggression excluded) and characteristics desired by the socializing agent. The parent is considered to be accepting when he indicates that his needs are satisfied by the child: "I like you the way you are." Example: Do you think NAME wastes too much time? 2. yes, 1. sometimes (and don't know), 0. no. Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

% Concordance Between Parents In Child Confession Of Misbehavior To Them, As Reported By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 14 Prevalence 72% Mother-father r =.25 Child Discloses Behavior to Parent: Extent to which a child behaves as if he were monitoring his own behavior in a way he thinks a socializing agent would. These items are closed-end versions of two questions by Sears, Maccoby, and Levin (11). Example: When NAME has done something naughty and you haven't seen him do it, does he come and tell you about it without your hav- ing to ask him? 4. all the time, 3. most of the time, 2. some of the time, 1. almost never, 0. never. Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

% Concordance Between Parents In Shaming Of Child Within The Family By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 15 Prevalence 96% Mother-father r= -.06 Shame, at home and out of home- Tendency to punish in public assessed by items involving different kinds of punishments and different publics. Example: Suppose NAME was naughty and you felt he deserved a scolding. Would you do it when: (1) your SPOUSE and other children could hear it? (2) one of NAME's friends could hear? (3) one of your close friends or relatives could hear? (4) a neighbor or acquaintance could hear? (5) you were in public and someone else might hear? 0. no. 1. sometimes (and don't know), 2. yes. The first item constitutes a separate measure, punishing the child in front of his family which defines home shame. Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

% Concordance Between Parents In Shaming Of Child Outside The Home By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 16 Prevalence 72% Mother-father r=.16 Shame, at home and out of home- Tendency to punish in public assessed by items involving different kinds of punishments and different publics. Example: Suppose NAME was naughty and you felt he deserved a scolding. Would you do it when: (1) your SPOUSE and other children could hear it? (2) one of NAME's friends could hear? (3) one of your close friends or relatives could hear? (4) a neighbor or acquaintance could hear? (5) you were in public and someone else might hear? 0. no. 1. sometimes (and don't know), 2. yes. The first item constitutes a separate measure, punishing the child in front of his family which defines home shame. Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

Physical abuse

Male StudentsFemale Students % Concordance Between Parents In Physical Abuse Experienced By Male and Female University Students in 15 Nations 18 Straus, M. A. (2013). Dyadic Types For Physical Abuse by Parents Of University Students in 15 nations. Family Research Laboratory. University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH.  Abuse at age 10 Boys 28%, Girls18%  When there was physical abuse Most often by both parents  For boys % abused by both parents is higher than for girls When there was a sole-abuser, more often the father  For girls When there was a sole-abuser, it was more often the mother Dyadic Concordance Types

In 1996, over one-half (54%) of maltreatment cases involved only female perpetrators, and about one quarter (24%) involved both male and female perpetrators. As a result, at least one female was identified as a perpetrator in more than 3 in 4 maltreatment cases (78%). In contrast, at least one male was identifed as a perpetrator in about 1 in 2 cases (46%). Male perpetrators were more common in maltreatment cases involving older victims. For example, at least one male was identified as the perpetrator in 30% of cases involving victims under the age of 1, compared to 58% of cases involving victims ages 12–17.