QUOTING, PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARIZING

There are 3 ways to input other people’s ideas in your own work: Quoting Paraphrasing and Summarizing

The way that you use citation in your work depends on whether you are using: Quoting (Harvard) : Words vs ideas a direct quote (word for word) from another piece of work or you are putting someone else’s ideas into your own work

When to quote It is usually best to paraphrase or summarise information from other sources as this demonstrates your understanding of the information and your ability to apply it to your own work. It is more appropriate to quote directly from the text if: The quotes support your claim They give your work credibility They serve as proof of evidence

Quoting What are some common mistakes with quoting? Overuse of quotations Lack of introduction Lack of relevancy or explanation

If you are copying a statement word for word, you need to put double quotation marks around it. Direct Short Quote: Quotation marks For example: “The combination of action and research has contributed to its attraction to researchers, teachers and the academic and educational community alike.” (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2011, p.344)

For example: Original text from source(Cohen, Manion and Morison, 2011): The combination of action and research has contributed to its attraction to researchers, teachers and the academic and educational community alike Statement re-arranged into own words (paraphrased) It was seen as a great new compromise of the two styles by researchers, as well as teachers and the academic and educational staff (Cohen, Manion and Morison, 2011). Ideas: Is there a need for quotation marks? If you are writing someone else’s ideas into your own words then you do not need to use quotation marks.

Direct short quote: “The combination of action and research has contributed to its attraction to researchers, teachers and the academic and educational community alike.” (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2011, p.344) Statement re-arranged into own words (paraphrased) It was seen as a great new compromise of the two styles by researchers, as well as teachers and the academic and educational staff (Cohen, Manion and Morison, 2011). Or Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2011) argue that it is a great new compromise of the two styles for researchers, teachers and academic staff. Indicating the source For direct quotes and putting somebody else’s work into your own words, you need to indicate the source of the information in brackets.

Long quotations/ Block quote (more than 25 words) Longer quotes should be separated from the body of your text (written as a separate paragraph) and indented from the left-hand margin. The quote should be a 1 pt smaller than the surrounding text In this case you do not need to use quotation marks.

Inductive analysis is discussed: Inductive thinking proceeds from the specific to the general. Understandings are generated by starting with specific elements and finding connections among them. To argue inductively is to begin with particular pieces of evidence, then pull them together into a meaningful whole. Inductive data analysis is a search for patterns of meaningful data so the general statements about phenomena under investigation can be made (Hatch 2002, p. 161). An example of long quotations/ block quote

These details are there to lead the reader to full details at the back of your assignment / report / document. Each separate source of information should always start with the same information as the citation in your essay so the source materials can be easily found. Directing the reader Cohen Manion Morrison References Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education 7th edn. London: Routledge (Cohen, Manion and Morison, 2011)

Components of a citation: Direct quote A citation only includes a maximum of 3 pieces of information. If you are copying a direct quote, this would be: the author’s surname, the year it was published and the page number Koumi, 2009, p.5 However, the categories I draw upon which are claimed to “add distinctive value to learning”. (Koumi, 2009, p.5)

Components of a citation: Not a direct quote (paraphrased) If it is not a direct quote, you should include : The author’s surname and the year the source was published ( Pritchard, 2008) This draws together what are considered to be some of the main theories and views of researchers and practitioners (Pritchard, 2008).

Quotes must be integrated into your work to make your case. It cannot stand alone. For example: Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) People often believe that more information leads to better decisions. However, Begley argues, “Decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (2009, p7). Our own ideas about information and choice, then, are not based on science, and our culture may need to rethink how instant information really influences our lives.

ACTIVITY : SUMMARY Read the original source and the summary provided on the next slide. Give your comments on the summary. Will this student be pinned down for plagiarism? Why?

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Summary: When people have an impeding decision, they have to make a choice. People faced with a lot of choices might not even make a decision.

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Summary: When people have an impeding decision, they have to make a choice. People faced with a lot of choices might not even make a decision. ANSWER:

1) Author’s exact words / phrases are used: …….an impending decision 2) Same sentence structure / words in the same place in the sentence and language despite changing one or two words: ……People faced with a plethora of choices/ a lot of choices 3) There is no in – text citation for this summary ……. (Begley, 2009)

ACTIVITY : SUMMARY How do you rewrite this into your work without plagiarism? Summarize the information into one sentence

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Summary:

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Summary: Begley (2009) argues that more options make it harder for people to make a decision.

ACTIVITY : PARAPHRASE Read the paraphrased version of the information (take note that this will be about the same length as the original source) Give your comments

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Paraphrased: Every time a person encounters information, they have a choice to look at it, answer it, or use it in an upcoming choice. However, it turns out that when we have too many choices, we don’t make a decision.

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Paraphrased: Every time a person encounters information, they have a choice to look at it, answer it, or use it in an upcoming choice. However, it turns out that when we have too many choices, we don’t make a decision. ANSWER:

1) 6 to 7 words were in the same place as the original. Note: Certain words such as ‘choice’ and ‘decision’ can be used again, however, it must not be in the exact same spot as the original. 2) The words that are underlined for the paraphrased version is follows exactly the same sentence structure as the original work

ACTIVITY : PARAPHRASE How do you rewrite this into your work without plagiarism? Paraphrase the information (*Note: this will be about the same length)

How to paraphrase? Read the original work and then put it aside. Formulate the idea(s) in your head/ Think about the idea(s) / and try to understand it. Now write in your own words without looking at the original text Once you are done, look at both the original and your work to see if you have the main ideas correct. Do not forget to cite your information.

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Paraphrase :

Original source on choices and decisions: “Every bit of incoming information presents a choice: whether to pay attention, whether to reply, whether to factor it into an impeding decision. But decision science has shown that people faced with a plethora of choices are apt to make no decision at all” (Begley, 2009, p7) Correct paraphrase: We have to process all of the data we receive and figure out what to do with it, from ignoring it to using it for a decision as too much of this can leave us unable to decide (Begley, 2009). ANSWER: