Generator Management Relay SR489 4/15/2017 Generator Management Relay Protection, metering, and monitoring functions for generators. Presented by: John Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc. John@L-3.com 770 565-1556

SR489 4/15/2017 Outline Overview Theory Wiring Security

What a Generator looks like Generator Protection

Generator Protection

SR489 4/15/2017 Overview

Why Upgrade? Generator and Transformer Existing generator and transformer protection (more than 5 years or non-digital) may: Cause protection security issues Tripping on through-faults, external faults, swings, load encroachment and energizing May lack comprehensive monitoring and communications capabilities Not provide valuable forensic info that can lead to rapid restoration Not be up to ANSI/IEEE Standards! Insurance, Asset Reliability and Personal Liability Issues C37-102: Guide for the Protection of Synchronous Generators C37.91: Guide for Transformer Protection

Generator Management Relay SR489 4/15/2017 Generator Management Relay Product Overview Ideal Protection for Induction and Synchronous Generators at 25, 50 and 60Hz Complete Generator Protection including: Generator Stator Differential 2 or 3 Zone Distance Backup 100% Stator Ground High speed sampling, 12 samples per cycle Drawout Case Installation Powerful Fault Recording: Waveform, Sequence of Events Ethernet and Serial Communications Metering of all important parameters

SR489 4/15/2017 Theory

SR489 4/15/2017 Show Generator Theory General Overview and Typical System from Training CD

Internal and External Short Circuits SR489 4/15/2017 Generator Protection Internal and External Short Circuits

Generator Protection Review SR489 4/15/2017 Generator Protection Review Abnormal Operating Conditions Loss of Synchronism Abnormal Frequency Overexcitation Field Loss Inadvertent Energizing Breaker Failure Loss of Prime Mover Power Blown VT Fuses Open Circuits

Abnormal Operating Conditions SR489 4/15/2017 Generator Protection Abnormal Operating Conditions

PSRC = Power System Relay Committee IEEE PSRC Survey Conducted in early ’90s, showed many areas of protection lacking Unwillingness to upgrade: Lack of expertise To recognize deficiency To perform the work “Generators don’t trip” (wrong) Operating procedures will save the day PSRC = Power System Relay Committee

ANSI/IEEE Standards Latest developments reflected in: Std. 242: Buff Book C37.102: IEEE Guide for Generator Protection C37.101: IEEE Guide for AC Generator Ground Protection C37.106: IEEE Guide for Abnormal Frequency Protection for Power Generating Plants These are created/maintained by the IEEE PSRC & IAS They are updated every 5 years

Small Machine Protection IEEE Buff Book SR489 4/15/2017 Small Machine Protection IEEE Buff Book 32 Reverse Power 40 Loss of Excitation 51V voltage restraint 51G Ground overcurrent 87 Differential Small – up to 1 MW to 600V, 500 kVA if >600V

Small Machine Protection IEEE Buff Book SR489 4/15/2017 Small Machine Protection IEEE Buff Book 32 Reverse Power 40 Loss of Excitation 46 Negative Sequence 51V voltage restraint 51G Ground overcurrent 87 Differential Medium – up to 12.5 MW

Small Machine Protection IEEE Buff Book SR489 4/15/2017 Small Machine Protection IEEE Buff Book 32 Reverse Power 40 Loss of Excitation 46 Negative Sequence 49 Thermal Overload 51V voltage restraint 51G Ground overcurrent 64 Ground Relay 87 Differential Large – up to 50 MW

Large Machine Protection IEEE C37.102 SR489 4/15/2017 Large Machine Protection IEEE C37.102 Unit Connected, High Z Grounded 32 Reverse Power 40 Loss of Excitation 46 Negative Sequence 49 Thermal Overload 51V voltage restraint 51G Ground overcurrent 64 Ground Relay 87 Differential

SR489 4/15/2017 HYBRID SYSTEM

Protection Functions Protection Functions Include: SR489 4/15/2017 Protection Functions Protection Functions Include: Generator Stator Differential Backup Distance Protection 100% Stator Ground Generator Unbalance Loss of Excitation Accidental Energization Breaker Fail Phase Overcurrent – Voltage Restraint Neutral Inst. / Timed Overcurrent Neg. Sequence Overcurrent Under / Over Voltage Under / Over Frequency Generator Thermal Model RTD Temperature Overexcitation – Volts/Hertz

Generator Protection

Generator Protection with GSU Wrap PTs on Low Side

Generator Protection with GSU Wrap PTs on High Side

Generator Protection PTs on Low Side

Desirable Attributes - Generator SR489 4/15/2017 Desirable Attributes - Generator Reverse Power (32) Should be sensitive to 0.05 pu to properly detect motoring in large steam turbines Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough May cause shutdown difficulties Negative Sequence (46) Should be sensitive to low values to detect open poles/conductors on system after GSU Long time low level events may cause excessive rotor heating, thermal tripping and damage rotor 100% Stator Ground (59N / 59D) Protects all of the stator winding Existing schemes typically only see 90% Stop low level fault near neutral from degrading into a high level fault and causing large amounts of damage Very secure

Desirable Attributes - Generator SR489 4/15/2017 Desirable Attributes - Generator Inadvertent Energizing (50/27) High speed tripping of unit after breaker accidentally closed on dead machine, also pole flashover prior to syncing Most existing schemes do not incorporate Many schemes fail due to complexity (reliance on breaker auxiliary switches, yard distance relays, etc. If breaker is not tripped rapidly, mechanical and electric damage can occur to machine in fractions of a second! Pole flashovers must be cleared by high speed breaker failure, as the breaker is open!

Line – Ground faults – Delta Connected Generator SR489 4/15/2017 Line – Ground faults – Delta Connected Generator

Line – Ground faults – Wye Connected Generator SR489 4/15/2017 Line – Ground faults – Wye Connected Generator

Protection Functions Generator Stator Differential SR489 4/15/2017 Protection Functions Generator Stator Differential Stator Phase Differential Dual Slope Percent Restraint Operating Characteristic Directional Supervision under saturation conditions Distance Backup Protection 2 or 3 Zone Mho Distance Protection Backup for primary line protection Configurable Reach and Angle Distance Characteristic Dual Slope Phase Differential 100% Stator Ground Protection 95% Fundamental OverVoltage 15% Third Harmonic UnderVoltage Two Zone Distance Backup

Protection Functions Voltage Protection Current Protection SR489 4/15/2017 Protection Functions Voltage Protection Phase Overvoltage Phase Undervoltage Neutral Overvoltage (fundamental) Neutral Undervoltage (3rd Harmonic) Voltage Phase Reversal Current Protection Phase, Ground and Negative Sequence Overcurrent Tripping IEC, ANSI , IAC and Customizable Overcurrent Curves Voltage Restraint increasing sensitivity under low voltage conditions Voltage Restraint Overcurrent Frequency Protection Overfrequency Underfrequency Undervoltage Trip Curves 13

Protection Functions Thermal Protection Inadvertent Energization SR489 4/15/2017 Protection Functions Thermal Protection Generator Thermal Model RTD Alarming and Tripping RTD Biased Thermal Model Inadvertent Energization Prevents Accidentally Closing a Stopped Generator onto a Live Line Armed when Generator is Offline and Voltage is below a pre-set level Thermal Model – Voltage Dependant Overload Curves Loss of Excitation (show Training CD) Uses Impedance Circle for loss of excitation detection 2 Zones for fault detection and control Volt/Hertz (Overexcitation) Detects changes in the Volts/Hertz ratio of the generator or associated transformer Loss of Excitation 13

SR489 4/15/2017 Wiring

SR489 4/15/2017

SR489 4/15/2017

SR489 4/15/2017

SR489 4/15/2017

SR489 4/15/2017 Example

Security strategy – conforms to industry and regulated guidelines SR489 4/15/2017 Enhanced Security Prevents Unauthorized Access and Provide Traceability Security Audit Trail Date and time of hardware, firmware or setting changes to your relays Logging of the MAC address of computers and users making settings changes Track method of how settings changes were made (i.e. keypad, serial port, ethernet) Date/time security report was generated Description of the GE Multilin Relay Summary of the last time the configuration was changed History of last 10 occurrences the configuration was changed Security strategy – conforms to industry and regulated guidelines

Questions? SR489 4/15/2017