AP Biology The Cell Membrane

AP Biology Overview  Cell membrane ____________________living cell from nonliving surroundings  thin barrier = 8nm thick  Controls traffic in & out of the cell  ________________________________________  allows some substances to cross more easily than others  hydrophobic vs hydrophilic  Made of ________________, _________& other macromolecules

AP Biology Phospholipids Fatty acid Phosphate  Fatty acid tails  ___________________  Phosphate group head  ___________________  Arranged as a _______ Aaaah, one of those structure–function examples

AP Biology Phospholipid bilayer ________ hydrophilic heads __________ hydrophobic tails _________ hydrophilic heads

AP Biology More than lipids…  In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson proposed that membrane proteins are inserted into the phospholipid bilayer It’s like a fluid… It’s like a mosaic… It’s the Fluid Mosaic Model!

AP Biology Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer ____________________________ Cholesterol ___________________ Glycolipid Transmembrane proteins Filaments of cytoskeleton Peripheral protein Glycoprotein Phospholipids

AP Biology Membrane fat composition varies  Fat composition affects flexibility  membrane must be fluid & flexible  about as fluid as thick salad oil  % unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids  keep membrane less viscous  cold-adapted organisms, like winter wheat  increase % in autumn  cholesterol in membrane

AP Biology Membrane Proteins  Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions  cell membrane & organelle membranes each have unique collections of proteins  Membrane proteins:  _________________________________  loosely bound to surface of membrane  cell surface identity marker (___________)  _________________________________  penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane  _______________________protein  transport proteins  channels, permeases (pumps)

AP Biology Why are proteins the perfect molecule to build structures in the cell membrane?

AP Biology Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? ____________________________

AP Biology Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? _______________________ I like the polar ones the best!

AP Biology Proteins domains anchor molecule  Within membrane  ________amino acids  ___________________  anchors protein into membrane  On outer surfaces of membrane  ________amino acids  ___________________  extend into extracellular fluid & into cytosol Polar areas of protein Nonpolar areas of protein

AP Biology NH 2 H+H+ COOH Cytoplasm Retinal chromophore Nonpolar (hydrophobic)  -helices in the cell membrane H+H+ Porin monomer  -pleated sheets Bacterial outer membrane proton pump channel in photosynthetic bacteria water channel in bacteria function through _______________________ change = shape change Examples

AP Biology Many Functions of Membrane Proteins Outside Plasma membrane Inside Transporter Cell surface receptor Enzyme activity Cell surface identity marker Attachment to the cytoskeleton Cell adhesion

AP Biology Membrane carbohydrates  Play a key role in ___________________  ability of a cell to distinguish one cell from another  ______________________  important in organ & tissue development  basis for rejection of foreign cells by _____________________