Trendler’s PHYSO 2A Fall 2008 The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicholaes Tulp, oil on canvas by Rembrandt van Rijn (1632) Lecture 1- Slide 1

Introduction 1-2 Unit One: FoundationsPages 1 Major Themes of A&P24 Atlas A General Orientation7 2 The Chemistry of Life33 3 Cellular Form & Function33 4 Genetics & Cellular Function25 Total 122 Unit Two: SurvivingPages 5 Histology31 6 The Integumentary System22 7 Bone Tissue25 8 The Skeletal System45 Total 123 Unit Three: MovingPages 9 Joints28 10 The Muscular System63 Atlas B Surface Anatomy1 11 Muscular Tissue32 12 Nervous Tissue36 Total 160 Unit Four: BeingPages 13 The LNS & Somatic Reflexes28 14 The Brain & Cranial Nerves46 15 The ANS & Visceral Reflexes18 16 Sense Organs46 Total 138 Total: 16 Chapters538 Pages

Teri’s Top Ten Topics of Chapter 1  10 History  9 Imaging  8 Properties of life  7 Terminology  6 Organization  5 Fields of Science  4 Scientific Method  3 Form & Function  2 Evolution  1 Homeostasis 1-3

History 1-4

History  Universe  matter & energy  Living things  increasingly complex  Dead white guys  Us  The future 1-5

Beginnings of Medicine  Physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt  3000 years ago used herbal drugs, salts and physical therapy  Greek physician Hippocrates  established a code of ethics  urged physicians to seek causes of disease 1-6

Beginnings of Medicine 2  Aristotle  called causes for disease physiologi  complex structures are built from simpler parts  Galen (physician to the Roman gladiators)  saw science as a method of discovery  did animal dissections since use of cadavers banned  wrote book advising followers to trust their own observation 1-7

Birth of Modern Medicine  Middle Ages  little advancement  medicine was taught as dogma with no new ideas  Avicenna from Muslim world  supported free inquiry over dogma  wrote The Canon of Medicine, used in medical schools until 16th century  Vesalius (1543)  published accurate gross anatomy atlas  Harvey (1628)  realized blood flow out from heart and back in 1-8

Birth of Modern Medicine 2  Leeuwenhoek ( )  invented a simple microscope (200x) to look at fabrics  Hooke (1665) and Zeiss (1860)  developed and improved compound microscope  described plant cell walls in 1665  Schleiden and Schwann (1839)  concluded that all organisms were composed of cells  1 st tenet of cell theory 1-9

Living in a Revolution  Early pioneers were important  established scientific way of thinking  replaced superstition with natural laws  Modern biomedical science  technological enhancement  diagnostic ability and life-support strategies  Genetic Revolution  human genome is finished  gene therapy is being used to treat disease 1-10

Imaging 1-11

Early Medical Illustrations 1-12

Medical Imaging Just a form of technology 1-13 Sonagraphy Microscopy

Props of Life 1-14

Properties of Life Only if they… Are these alive? 1-15

Characteristics of Life  Organization  Cellular composition  Excretion  Metabolism and excretion  Responsiveness and movement  Homeostasis  Development  Reproduction  Evolution 1-16

Terms 1-17

Anatomical Terminology  Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots  Naming confusion during the Renaissance  same structures with different names  structures named after people (eponyms)  Search for uniform international terminology  1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms  each structure = unique Latin name  Terminologia Anatomica was codified in

Analyzing Medical Terms  Terminology based on word elements  lexicon (Appendix C)  Scientific terms  one root (stem) with core meaning  combining vowels join roots  prefix modifies core meaning  suffix modifies core meaning  Acronyms  first few letters of series of words 1-19

Useful Tables in Textbook 1-20

Organization 1-21

Hierarchy of complexity  organism is composed of organ systems  organ systems composed of organs  organs composed of tissues  tissues composed of cells 1-22

Hierarchy of Complexity 2  Cells contain organelles  Organelles composed of molecules  Molecules composed of atoms 1-23

Fields of Science???? 1-24

Scientific Meth 1-25

Scientific Method  Bacon ( ) and Descartes ( )  new habits of scientific thought  England and France  academies of science --still exist today  Science  produces reliable, objective and testable information about nature 1-26

Inductive Method  Philosopher Francis Bacon  observations, generalizations and predictions  anatomy  Proof in science  reliable observations  tested repeatedly  not falsified by any credible observation  In science, all truth is tentative  “proof beyond a reasonable doubt” 1-27

Hypothetico-Deductive Method  Physiological knowledge  Test your hypothesis (answer) to a specific question  Good hypothesis  consistent with what is already known  testable and falsifiable with evidence  Hypotheses are written as If-Then statements 1-28

Proper Experimental Design  Sample size  sufficient to prevent chance event  Control group and treatment group  identical treatment except for the variable being tested  Prevention of psychosomatic effects  use of placebo in control group 1-29

Proper Experimental Design 2  Experimenter bias  prevented with double-blind study  Statistical testing  difference between control and test subjects was not random variation  due to the variable being tested 1-30

Peer Review  Critical evaluation by other experts in the field  done prior to funding or publication  done by using verification and repeatability of results  Ensures honesty, objectivity and quality in science 1-31

Form & Fxn 1-32

Anatomy - The Study of Form  Observation of surface structure  Cadaver dissection  cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships  Comparative anatomy  study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends 1-33

Anatomy - The Study of Form 2  Physical examination  palpation, auscultation, percussion  Gross anatomy  visible with naked eye  Histology  examination of cells with microscope 1-34

Physiology - The Study of Function  Study of bodily functions  using methods of experimental science  Comparative physiology  study of different species  Basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures 1-35

Anatomical Variation  No 2 humans are exactly alike  variable number of organs  variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus) 1-36

Physiological Variation  Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity  Typical values  reference man  22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity  consumes 2800 kcal/day  reference woman  same as man except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day 1-37

Evil-ution 1-38

Facts, Laws and Theories  Scientific fact  information independently verified  Law of nature  description of the way matter and energy behave  results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations  written as verbal statements or mathematical formulae  Theory  summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts  it provides explanations and predictions 1-39

Human Origins and Adaptations  Charles Darwin ( )  On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)  The Descent of Man (1871)  Theory of natural selection  how species originate and change through time  changed view of “our origin, our nature and our place in the universe”  increases understanding of form and function 1-40

Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation  Evolution  change in genetic composition of population  development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics  Adaptations  individuals with hereditary advantages  produce more offspring under given selection pressures (harsh climate, predators)  inheritable characteristics  genetic change in the population (evolution) 1-41

Animal Relations  Closest relative = chimpanzee  difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure  chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%  Study of evolutionary relationships  chose animals for biomedical research (the animal model)  rats and mice used extensively due to issues involved with using chimpanzees 1-42

Primate Adaptations  Earliest primates  squirrel-sized, arboreal, insect-eating mammals  due to safety, food supply and lack of competition  Adaptations for aboreal life style  mobile shoulders  opposable thumbs manipulate small objects  forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)  depth perception for leaping and catching prey  color vision  distinguish ripe fruit  larger brains and good memory  remember food sources 1-43

Walking Upright  African forest became grassland  millions of years ago  Bipedalism  standing and walking on 2 legs  spot predators, carry food or infants  Adaptations for bipedalism  skeletal and muscular modifications 1-44

Walking Upright 2  Australopithecus  gave rise Homo habilis (2.5mya)  taller, larger brain volume, speech, tool-making  Homo habilis  gave rise to Homo erectus (1.1mya)  Homo erectus  gave rise to Homo sapiens (.6 to.2mya?)  Diseases and imperfections from our evolutionary past 1-45

Primate Phylogeny 1-46

Homeo-stasis 1-47

Homeostasis  Claude Bernard ( )  stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions  Homeostasis  Walter Cannon ( ) coined the term  fluctuates within limited range around a set point  Loss causes illness or death 1-48

Negative Feedback Loop  Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it 1-49

Negative Feedback, Set Point  Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees 1-50

Human Thermoregulation  Brain senses change in blood temperature  if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins  if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins 1-51

Control of Blood Pressure  Circulatory stretch receptors  detect a rise in BP  Cardiac center in brainstem  sends out nerve signals  Heart slowed and BP lowered 1-52

Structure of Feedback Loop  Receptor = senses change  Integrator = control center that responds  Effector = structures that restore homeostasis 1-53

Positive Feedback Loops  Self-amplifying change  leads to change in the same direction  Normal way of producing rapid changes  occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals 1-54

Life-Threatening Fever  Temperature > 108 degrees F  increases metabolic rate  body produces heat even faster  Cycle continues to reinforce itself  Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F 1-55

Review 1-56

Review of Major Themes  Cell theory  activity of cells determine structure and function  Homeostasis  maintaining stable internal conditions  Evolution  our body evolved by natural selection  Hierarchy of structure  levels of complexity  Unity of form and function  physiology is inseparable from anatomy 1-57

The end!  Clap now!  Any questions?  What comes next….  General Info, Handouts (Syllabus & Schedule)  Start Lab Activities 1-4, because all through 6 must be done by Monday 1-58