Homeostasis Front of card Back of card Body stays in the same state. (glucose, O 2, temperature)

Nervous System Front of card Back of card Neurotransmitters Cell-to-cell communication Fast Short duration Muscle contraction and gland secretion

Endocrine System Front of card Back of card Hormones Travel through blood Speed varies Lasts longer Growth, metabolism

N.S. and Endo. System together Front of card Back of card Hypothalamus (brain) controls the pituitary gland (endocrine system)

Target Tissue Front of card Back of card Has receptors for specific hormones

Protein Hormones Front of card Back of card Most hormones are protein derived. These are prompt (fast) b/c they bind to receptors on cell membrane. Must be injected.

Steroid Hormones Front of card Back of card Are slow b/c they enter the cell. Made from lipids. Can be taken orally.

Tropic hormones Front of card Back of card Made in the anterior pituitary. Affect other glands. 4 of them: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

Master gland Front of card Back of card Pituitary gland is called this because it produces tropic hormones. It controls most of the other glands.

Exocrine gland Front of card Back of card Release substances into ducts. Ex. salivary gland, sweat gland, pancreas (digestive enzymes)

Pancreas Front of card Back of card Is both an endocrine gland (insulin & glucagon) and an exocrine gland (secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine)

Negative feedback Front of card Back of card Feedback inhibition. When a hormone level is high enough, it’s production is shut off.

Central Nervous System Front of card Back of card Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System Front of card Back of card Somatic nerves - Sensory & motor Autonomic nerves – Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Glial cells Front of card Back of card Non-conducting cells in the nervous system.

Neuron Front of card Back of card

Myelin Sheath Front of card Back of card Fatty protein that insulates the axon and speeds up transmission. Made from Schwann cells.

Speed of transmission Front of card Back of card To increase speed: 1. Bigger diameter and 2. Myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier Front of card Back of card Gaps in the myelin sheath. Nerve impulses jump from node to node. Called saltatory conduction.

White matter Front of card Back of card Neurons with a myelin sheath.

Grey matter Front of card Back of card Neurons without a myelin sheath. Mostly in CNS.

Multiple Sclerosis Front of card Back of card An autoimmune disease that breaks down the myelin sheath.

Types of Neurons Front of card Back of card Sensory – brings info from affectors to CNS Interneuron – no myelin. In CNS Motor- carries impulse away from CNS to effectors

Reflex Arc Front of card Back of card 1.Affector – receptor; receives stimulus 2.Sensory neuron - carries impulse to CNS 3.Interneuron – interpretation, carries impulse through CNS 4.Motor neuron - carries impulse out 5.Effector – muscle or gland that responds

Polarized Front of card Back of card An unstimulated axon. Resting potential is -70mV inside. More sodium (Na + ) outside than potassium (K + ) inside.

Depolarized Front of card Back of card A stimulated axon. Action potential is +40mV. Inside is positive. Caused by sodium rushing into the axon.

Na + /K + pump Front of card Back of card Actively transports (ATP) 3Na + out for every 2K + in. Returns the axon to resting potential or repolarizes the axon.

Action Potential Front of card Back of card

Refractory Period Front of card Back of card Time it takes the neuron to repolarize before another A.P.

Threshold Front of card Back of card Minimum stimulus required to cause an AP.

All-or-None Response Front of card Back of card Neurons either reach threshold and fire, or they don’t. Intensity and speed are the same every time. More neurons = more intensity.

Inhibitory Drugs Front of card Back of card Lower the resting potential, requiring a greater stimulus to cause an action potential. (causes K + to exit cell)

Synapse Front of card Back of card Also called synaptic cleft. The space between axon ending of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron.

Activities at Synapse Front of card Back of card

Excitatory Synapse Front of card Back of card Causes depolarization of the post-synaptic neuron. Na + goes in.

Inhibitory Synapse Front of card Back of card Causes hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic neuron. K + goes out. This inhibits depolarization

Summation Front of card Back of card Two or more neurons are required to create an action potential in a post-synaptic neuron.

Neurotransmitters Front of card Back of card Chemicals released from synaptic vesicles to carry the impulse across the synapse. Ex. acetylcholine (parasympathetic NS) Norepinephrine (sympathetic NS)

Tolerance Front of card Back of card Need larger doses of the drug to get the same effect. The receptors on your neurons are reduced in number.

Sympathetic NS Front of card Back of card “S” for Stress Involuntary; Fight or flight Uses norepinephrine as neurotransmitter. Causes:  HR,  BR, dilates pupils, converts glycogen to glucose,  blood to skin

Parasympathetic NS Front of card Back of card Rest and Digest Involuntary Uses acetylcholine as neurotransmitter. Causes:  HR,  BR, constricts pupils, converts glucose to glycogen,  blood to skin

Functions of Spinal cord Front of card Back of card 1.Connects the brain & the PNS 2.Reflex arc

Composition of Spinal Cord Front of card Back of card 1.Outside portion is white matter = myelinated 2.Inside portion is grey matter = unmyelinated

Cerebrospinal fluid Front of card Back of card Surrounds spinal cord and brain. Provides cushioning and nutrients.

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Front of card Back of card Cerebrum Smell

Cerebrum Front of card Back of card Speech, reasoning, memory & personality. 4 lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

Hypothalamus Front of card Back of card Temperature and metabolism. Controls hunger, thirst, sleep and sex drive.

Pituitary Gland Front of card Back of card Master gland. Produces tropic hormones that control the release of hormones from other glands.

Cerebellum Front of card Back of card Balance

Pons Front of card Back of card Relay station.

Medulla Oblongata Front of card Back of card Autonomic NS. BR, HR, BP

Frontal Lobe Front of card Back of card Motor control Voluntary movements Memory, reasoning, critical thinking, language use and personality.

Parietal Lobe Front of card Back of card Sensory area

Temporal Lobe Front of card Back of card Hearing and smelling

Occipital Lobe Front of card Back of card Vision

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Sclera Front of card Back of card Tough, white layer

Cornea Front of card Back of card Tough clear layer on front of eye.

Choriod Front of card Back of card Black layer, absorbs light, contains blood vessels

Iris Front of card Back of card Colored muscle. Controls pupil size

Pupil Front of card Back of card Hole

Retina Front of card Back of card Contains photoreceptors. – Rods and Cones

Rods Front of card Back of card Photoreceptors for dim light and black and white images

Cones Front of card Back of card Photoreceptors for bright light, color and details.

Fovea Centralis Front of card Back of card Also called Macula. Most cones are here. In centre of retina

Blind Spot Front of card Back of card Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. No rods or cones.

Ciliary muscle Front of card Back of card Muscle that controls the shape of the lens.

Lens Front of card Back of card Changes shape to focus.

Accommodation Front of card Back of card When the lens changes shape to focus near or far.

3D vision Front of card Back of card Possible because we have 2 eyes.

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2 Functions of the Ear Front of card Back of card Hearing and Balance

Pinna Front of card Back of card Outside of ear

Auditory Canal Front of card Back of card Ear canal. Amplifies sound and carries it to tympanic membrane

Tympanic Membrane Front of card Back of card Ear drum. Vibrates when sound hits it.

Ossicles Front of card Back of card Bones in middle ear. Hammer Anvil Stirrup

Eustachian tube Front of card Back of card Connects middle ear to mouth and nose. Equalization of pressure.

Semicircular Canals Front of card Back of card For dynamic equilibrium. Fluid moves inside and bends hair cells, which send action potential to cerebellum.

Vestibule Front of card Back of card For static equilibrium.

Cochlea Front of card Back of card For hearing. Basilar membrane in organ of Corti moves, causing hair cells to bend, which send an action potential to temporal lobe.

Organ of Corti Front of card Back of card Where hearing happens Inside the cochlea.

Proprioceptors Front of card Back of card Stretch receptors that tell your brain what the parts of your body are doing.

Smell (Olfaction) Front of card Back of card Need smell to taste. Can smell over odours. Chemoreceptors send info to temporal lobe.

Taste Front of card Back of card Can taste bitter, sour, salty and sweet. Chemoreceptors on tongue send nerve impulse to parietal lobe