Class 14: Voyages of Exploration Ann T. Orlando 15 February 2006

2 Introduction We still can’t get out of 16 th C Spanish and Portuguese Voyages of Discovery Economic and Scientific Impact How Europeans thought about native peoples

3 European Voyages of Discovery Driven by economics,  Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient  Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks  Ottoman is an Arab corruption of the name Osman, a 13 th C turkish ruler who rebelled against Seljik rule) In 16 th C Spain and Portugal leading European ‘super powers’  Most other Western European countries preoccupied with wars and Reformation  Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal and Spain  Spanish dominance ends with defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588 No educated person in Europe thought the earth was flat (see ST Ia Q1 a1) Real question was how to sail all the way to China from Europe

4 Early Portuguese Voyages Early driver for voyages: by-pass Turkish control of trade routes to China; spice road completely dominated by Ottomans Henry the Navigator of Portugal ( )  Establishes school of maritime studies  Portuguese sailors circumnavigate Africa, establishing trading posts on West and East coast

5 Portuguese Voyages of Discovery Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)  Encourages exploration of West Africa  Significantly improves navigation instruments Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487  Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially Congo and Angola Early 16 th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan China Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe

6 Spanish Voyages of Discovery Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492 to Caribbean  Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert ‘Indians’ Cortez conquers Mexico, Pizarro conquers Peru 1532 By 1600 Spanish had  Established footholds in much of North America (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida)  Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and South America  Santa Fe, New Mexico is oldest capitol city in U.S. By comparison,  Jamestown founded 1607  Quebec founded 1608  Plymouth founded 1620  Montreal founded 1642

7 Map of Voyages

8 Role of Church: Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI (Borgia)  Divides ‘world’ between Spain and Portugal down Atlantic in 1493  Known as Line of Demarcation

9 Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan Magellan, although Portuguese, surmised that the Line of Demarcation if completed around the world meant that most of the Spice Islands would belong to Spain  Charles V eager to claim these lands for Spain Entered into Spanish service to claim lands in the East (i.e. Spice Islands and Philippines) for Spain Magellan killed in Philippines during the voyage Comparable to Apollo program in 1960s  Tremendous national pride in being the first to circumnavigate the globe  Something that only the wealthiest country could reasonable undertake

10 Economics of the Voyages of Discovery With discovery of new lands, original motivation of spice trade with China and India start to take second place Western Hemisphere filled with untapped natural resources and very sparsely populated  Unlike Asia or Africa Spanish (and Portuguese in Brazil) start to colonize Western Hemisphere in order to develop economic resources, not as trading posts Resources from Western Hemisphere make Spain the wealthiest country

11 Impact on Science and Technology Navigation and mapping technologies needed to be developed  Know Latitude by Stars; advances in astronomy  Know Longitude by what time it is; but how do you accurately know what time it is Astronomy becomes very important practical science Mathematicians devote themselves to more precise models of celestial movements

12 Copernicus ( ) Born in Poland, studied mathematics Attended University of Bologna where he became interested in astronomy Astronomy was vitally important because it was key technology for navigation By trying to make epicycles more precise, Copernicus came to believe that a simpler mathematical model put the sun at center of solar system

13 Copernicus’ Little Commentary 1514 There is no one centre in the universe. The Earth's centre is not the centre of the universe. The distance from the Earth to the sun is imperceptible compared with the distance to the stars. The rotation of the Earth accounts for the apparent daily rotation of the stars. The apparent annual cycle of movements of the sun is caused by the Earth revolving round it. The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the motion of the Earth from which one observes.

14 Another Impact on Science by Voyages of Discovery: New Plants, Animals, Geology Sciences of zoology, botany and geology must rethink and expand its classification systems Voyages are launched with the purpose of scientific exploration; mapping and collecting specimens for study in Europe  Partly to see if some benefit from new species (medicine)  Partly from national pride  Partly for joy of discovery Note: most famous such voyage was Voyage of Beagle, 1831

15 Anthropology: How to Think About Natives Economic advantage  Trading partners  Cheap labor, Slaves Souls to be saved Shining examples of free man in his native environment, before corrupted by Christianity

16 This lecture marks the cross-over Marks the cross-over from the Reformation to the beginning of the Enlightenment  Or at least those historical and social factors that will lead to the Enlightenment Recognition of the importance of empirical philosophy (what we now call science) Large scale encounters with other cultures leads to reconsideration of some aspects of European culture  Christianity  Political structures