Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 – 1800 Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 – 1800

On the Brink of a New World Motives Fantastic lands The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) Told tales of mythical lands filled with treasure Economic motives Access to the East Search for precious metals and new trade routes The Polos Marco Polo’s Travels inspired travelers to seek the riches of Asia Religious Zeal Missionaries spreading the word of God

Means Centralization of political authority Maps Ships and Sailing Monarchies had the resources & authority to finance these expenditures Maps Ptolemy’s Geography (printed editions 1477) Written in 2nd Century A.D. Depicted a round earth, 3 continents, two oceans Circumference of Earth was dramatically undersized Columbus and other explorers thought they could easily circumnavigate the globe Ships and Sailing Previous sailors used the Pole Star for navigation But it was useless south of the equator Naval technology Axial rudder, lateen sails, compass, astrolabe Knowledge of wind patterns

Ptolemy’s World Map

Possible Test Question The primary motive for European exploration during the Renaissance was social, to relieve the population pressure on Europe. religious, to spread the Gospel psychological, the quest for new experiences to transform a dull existence. military, to provide new bases for an army. economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade.

The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) Founded a school for navigators During his reign, Portuguese sailors explored the west coast of Africa The Portuguese in India Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450 – 1500) Rounded Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama (c. 1460 – 1524) Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope Returned with spices such as ginger and cinnamon Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) Commercial – Military bases (Goa)

In Search of Spices Portuguese expansion Set up trading posts in India & China, established spice trade Used military and naval advantage to seize control of spice trade from Muslim traders Reasons for Portuguese success Guns & Seamanship

Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Voyages to the New World Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) Knowledgeable Europeans knew the Earth was round but it was smaller than it actually is Tried to reach Asia by sailing west Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) Carried with him a copy of Marco Polo’s Travels Additional Discoveries John Cabot – explored New England coastline (Henry VII) Pedro Cabral – (Portuguese) discovered South American coastline Amerigo Vespucci – accompanied several voyages wrote letters describing new world Name “America” come from his name

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 – divided up the newly discovered world between the Spanish and the Portuguese Dividing line gave all of the New World to Spain except Brazil. The Portuguese got Brazil and everything east

Possible Test Question When he began to envision his voyage across the Atlantic, Columbus had a copy of The Travels of John Mandeville. Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince. Ptolemy’s Portolani. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Marco Polo’s Travels.

Possible Test Question During the lifetime of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese sailors began to explore the west African coast. were the first to round the Cape of Good Hope. discovered the Spice Islands. discovered the island of Madagascar. landed in India in 1498.

Possible Test Question The Treaty of Tordesillas divided The Spice Islands between Portugal and the Dutch Republic. South Africa between the English and the Dutch. The New World between Spain and Portugal. The North Atlantic between England and France. The South Pacific between Spain and the Dutch Republic.

The Spanish Empire in the New World Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica The Maya (300 A.D.-800 A.D.) The Aztecs (1200 A.D.-1500s A.D.) The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) Marched to Tenochtitlan making alliances Moctezuma (Montezuma) Initially thought Cortes was a God Aztec Empire overthrown Small pox and allies

Slaughter of the Natives

The Spanish Empire, Continued The Inca and the Spanish Pachakuti – Incan ruler conquered region Inca buildings and roads – 24,800 roads and suspension bridges Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541) Landed during a civil war between two brothers Smallpox had recently ravaged their civilization Incas overthrown (1535) by Pizarro

Administration of the Spanish Empire Encomienda – system of tribute and labor for Spaniards Made the Indians basically slaves to the Spanish Dominican friars began to voice their concern over the harsh treatment of the Indians Bartolome de Las Casas was the most vocal opponent of the encomienda system Viceroys – King’s chief military & civil officer The Church – mass conversions

Possible Test Question The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American natives was Bartolome de Las Casas. Hernan Cortez. Alfonso de Albuquerque. Ignatius Loyala. Pope Paul III.

Possible Test Question The Mesoamerica civilization which existed at the time of European exploration was the Maya. Inca. Toltec. Aztec. Zapotec.

Africa: The Slave Trade New Rivals European powers began establishing forts in Africa to dominate the trade in gold The Dutch Republic began to take over the spice trade from Portugal Origins of the Slave Trade Sugar cane and slavery Indian population was decimated by disease African climate and soil weren’t suited to grow sugar cane Growth of the Slave Trade Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries The Middle Passage (trip across the Atlantic): high death rate during transit 300 to 450 slaves per ship (loose pack or tight pack) Trip took a little over 3 months Approx. 10% of slaves died on voyage Prisoners of war (Slave trade increased wars between African tribes) Triangle Trade – Europe to Africa to Americas, then back to Europe Europeans traded goods for slaves, sold the slaves, kept some profit, bought more goods and started the cycle over again

Effects of the Slave Trade Depopulation of African kingdoms Political effects of slave trade Increased warfare between African tribes Criticism of slavery Critics saw the decline in African civilization Abolition and the Quakers First religious group to ban slave traders from their church

The Sale of Slaves

A Sugar Mill in the West Indies

Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy

The triangular trade connected Europe, South Asia, and the Pacific. Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Africa. The Spice Islands, India, and South Africa. The Americas, Europe, and South Asia. The Americas, Europe, and Africa.

Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at One million. Two million. Five million. Ten million. Twenty-five million.

The African slave trade Had little impact upon the number of wars in Africa. Reduced the number of wars in Africa because all the African states united against the European slavers. Increased the number of wars in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves. Died out with the discovery of the South Asian Spice Islands. Was carried out peacefully was wars or violence would reduce the number of slaves and thus profits.

The West in Southeast Asia Portugal Spain The Dutch and the English Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

The asiento Were advisors to the Spanish viceroys in Mexico and Peru. Was a new mapping technique which replaced the portolani. Gave Britain the right to transport slaves to Spanish Latin America. Was resolved by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Were Portuguese merchants in the Spice Islands.

The French and the British in India The Mughal Empire The Impact of the Western Powers Portugal England The Dutch and the French Sir Robert Clive The East India Company Battle of Plassey (1757)

China & Japan China Japan Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) Qing Dynasty Western inroads Russia England Limited contact Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) Opening to the West The Portuguese Initially visitors welcomed Catholic missionaries The Dutch

The Americas Spain and Portugal The West Indies North America The British and the French The “Sugar Factories” North America The Dutch New Netherlands The English Jamestown (1607) Thirteen Colonies The French Canada

Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Inflation Decline in standard of living for wage earners & those living on a fixed income The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Joint stock trading companies Private investment in public companies New economic institutions The Bank of Amsterdam (financial center of Europe) Agriculture

One of the major economic problems of the sixteenth century in Europe was Deflation. Inflation. Stagflation. Depression. A population decline which led to massive unemployment.

The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries Severely hampered commercial expansion. Caused a shift in industry to urban locales. Caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes. Was caused largely by a declining labor force. Was the result of too little money in circulation.

Which of the following statements best applies to the economy of sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Europe? The joint stock company enabled the raising of spectacular sums of capital for world trading ventures. The early seventeenth century saw a general stagnation in the areas of mining and metallurgy. Technological innovations made the lives of peasants improve dramatically. The population explosion made for urban growth and more social equality in cities. An economic depression occurred because of a lack of specie.

The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was Paris. London. Rome. Vienna. Amsterdam.

Mercantilism Mercantilism is a set of economic principles that came to dominate economic practices in the 17th century Belief that the total volume of trade unchangeable Economic activity = war through peaceful means One nation could expand its trade at the expense of another nation Importance of bullion (gold & silver) and favorable balance of trade Export valuable goods to New World Import Bullion to European states State Intervention in the economy was desirable for the sake of the national good.

Mercantilism includes all of the following ideas except: Economic activity was war carried on by peaceful means. The prosperity of a nation depended upon its gold and silver reserves. Colonies were not desirable because they consumed too many natural resources. Colonies were desirable because they provided raw materials and natural resources. Government should stimulate trade through high tariffs and subsidizing industry.

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization Transoceanic trade very valuable Intra-European Trade Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East, and the Americas

By the end of the seventeenth century, International trade was much greater than intra-European trade. Wealth was being transferred back to the New World from Europe in the form of raw materials. Local, regional, and intra-European trade was considerably greater than international trade. Slavery was in decline in both Africa and the New World. European imperialism had come to an end.

The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa Less impact in Asia Multiracial society in Latin America Ecology Catholic Missionaries Conversion of native populations Hospitals, orphanages and schools The Jesuits in Asia Conversions in China Japan

The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors Opportunities for women Economic Effects Gold and silver Exchange of plants and animals Impact on European Lifestyle Chocolate, coffee and tea European Rivalries New Views of the World Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map Psychological Impact

A Seventeenth-Century World Map (1630)

The most famous map projection in history is The potolani. Ptolemy’s Geography. That of Gerardus Mercator. Galileo’s The Starry Messenger. Dead-reckoning.

Map 14.3: The Columbian Exchange

What was not part of the Columbian exchange? Potatoes from Europe and olive trees from the New World. Horses and cattle from Europe and corn from the New World. Gunpowder from Europe and tobacco from the New World. Smallpox from Europe and gold and silver from the New World. Wheat from Europe and tomatoes from World the New

Discussion Questions Why were the Portuguese so well positioned for overseas exploration? How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs and the Incas? What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade? How were the British able to achieve such a dominant position in Asia? What impact did European colonization have on the colonized? What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism? How did European expansion affect Europe?

Web Links The Slave Trade European Voyages of Exploration The Mariner’s Museum – The Age of Exploration Digital South Asia Library Around the Indus in 90 Slides Internet East Asian History Sourcebook The East India Company Virtual Jamestown