Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

Easier Exploration Ship Building Stronger, more maneuverable ships Square sails, triangular lateen sails, sternpost rudders Navigational Instruments Magnetic compass Astrolabe and cross staffs Allowing the measuring of lines of latitude Navigational Techniques Better knowledge of currents and winds (wind wheels) Trade winds by the equator blow easterly, further away westerly Monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean Volta do mar

Circumnavigation Portuguese sail around Cape of Good Hope, control IOTS Columbus establishes trans-Atlantic routes Ferdinand Magellan Magellan sailed for Portugal through Indian Ocean Wanted to establish western route to Asia, sponsored by Spain Follows Columbus’s route, probes S. America, enters Pacific Long voyage through Pacific proves deadly for many crew members Magellan dies in Philippines after he’s caught in local political fight Crew returns to Spain via more familiar Indian Ocean route Magellan’s crew = first to circumnavigate globe

Age of European Exploration Spanish establish trading route b/w Mex. & Philippines Spain does not explore greater Pacific Ocean Other Europeans seek new routes b/w Europe & Asia English & French explorers seek elusive “Northwest Passage” 1500s: Sir Francis Drake explores west coast of N. America 1700s: Danish Vitus Bering sails for Russia, Alaska & Canada Captain James Cook Sails for England and charts Australia, New Zealand, Oceania

Europeans Trade In Asia Explorations allow Europeans to travel entire world Europeans see potential for new commercial markets Establish fortified trading posts in Eastern Hemisphere Not powerful, large enough, to establish complete control Russians expand over land to take large parts of central/east Asia Portuguese first to establish large trading empire The English and Dutch pose a threat to Portuguese hegemony, establish parallel networks English and Dutch ships = cheaper, faster, more powerful Joint-Stock Companies more efficient, profitable English/British East India Company United (Dutch) East India Company (VOC)

Portuguese attempts to control Indian Ocean trade fails Europeans, unable to dominate Asia, trade peacefully Early colonizing efforts only realized in Southeast Asia The Spanish Philippines 1565: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi names islands after Philip II Conquers most of the Philippine archipelago by 1575 Manila established as cosmopolitan trade port Chinese goods shipped from Manila to Mexico Spread Christianity, Filipinos become fervent Catholics Dutch Java Dutch seeks to control trade in cloves, nutmeg, and mace Jan Pieterszoon Coen founds Batavia as main VOC port Impose ruthless control over all spice trade in Indonesia VOC & the Netherlands grow extremely rich from spice trade European Conquest In Asia

Russian Expansion Russians do not follow maritime empire model Dominate Eurasia, conquering Mongol khanates in C. Asia Establish trade with Ottoman Empire, Iran, India Conquer the Caucasus, establishing control of Caspian Sea Russian Siberia Siberian fur in high demand, Russians seek control of trade Stroganov family hires Yermak opening further exploration Siberian peoples subsisted on trapping, hunting, fishing Important for the delivery of fur to Russian merchants Population greatly diminished by war and disease from Russians Russian government seeks to protect “small peoples” Orthodox missionaries attempt to convert Siberians to Christianity

Trade and Conflict Competition among European nations to est. markets Quest to monopolize creates tension Dutch sips dominate Indian Ocean, expel Portuguese Prevent English from establishing spice markets 1700 s: Indian cotton, tea = more profitable than spices English & French compete to control India, Ceylon English & French ships outnumber Dutch ships 1746: French seize Indian port city of Madras from British British takes back control after Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle Hostilities part of much larger War of Austrian Succession British & French also fight over claims in North America, sugar islands in Caribbean

Great Britain & the British East India Co. vs. France & the French East India Co.

War of Austrian Succession Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of France Kingdom of Spain Habsburg Austria United Kingdom of Great Britain Holy Roman Empire Dutch Republics Empire of Russia

The Seven Years’ War ( ) European rivalries erupt into multi-theater war Fighting in Europe, India, the Caribbean, & North America Called the “French & Indian War” in the United States Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle breaks down Austrians upset about losing territory of Silesia to Prussia French & British hostilities ongoing Switch allies to fight another global war Prussia & Austria mostly fight in Europe British & French fight mostly in India & Americas British win, take French colonies in N. America Also take Florida from Spain, Spanish get to keep Cuba Great Britain emerges as most dominant European power

Seven Years’ War Habsburg Austria Kingdom of France Kingdom of Spain Russia Mughal Empire Kingdom of Prussia United Kingdom of Great Britain Portugal Sweden Iroquois Confederacy

Globalization of Trade European merchants connect far flung markets Europeans conduct trade within Asia & Americas Emergence of transoceanic slave trade Africa to Americas Global trade has adverse environmental effects Fur animals decrease in numbers Deer, seals, walruses, whales, other valuable animals decrease Natural resources exploited Columbian Exchange