Lecture Outline: Biomedicine & Technology Introduction: The technological imperativeThe technological imperative FoucaultFoucault 1. History of Health.

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Lecture Outline: Biomedicine & Technology Introduction: The technological imperativeThe technological imperative FoucaultFoucault 1. History of Health Technologies: StethoscopeStethoscope X-rayX-ray 2. Key Aspects – Health Technologies: The bodyThe body The health professionalThe health professional The hospitalThe hospital The stateThe state CapitalCapital The patientThe patient 3. Medical Technology & the Conquest of Death

Medical Innovation modern biomedicine & technology ‘great weapons’ medical technology & the physician

The Technological Imperative 1. technology become available 2. use becomes standardised & routine 3. technology seen as in dispensable

Foucault & Technology “The Gaze” reductionistreductionist analyticalanalytical progressively intenseprogressively intense patient perspective lostpatient perspective lost

The Stethoscope Rene Laennec, French doctorRene Laennec, French doctor 1850s widely used in Europe/North America1850s widely used in Europe/North America standard ‘sign’ of doctorstandard ‘sign’ of doctor gap between lay & expertgap between lay & expert

The X-ray Willhelm Rentgen, German physicist, 1895Willhelm Rentgen, German physicist, 1895 seeing within the living bodyseeing within the living body diagnosis by touchdiagnosis by touch professional developmentprofessional development popular interestpopular interest

Lecture Outline: Biomedicine & Technology Introduction: The technological imperative Foucault & technology 1. The History of Health Technologies: The Stethoscope The x-ray & visual technology 2. Key Aspects – Health Technologies: Technology & the diseased body Technologies & health professionals Technology & hospital Technology & state Technology & capital Technology & patient 3. Medical Technology & the Conquest of Death

1. Technology & the Diseased Body subjective closeness vs objective distance older diagnostic methods doctor’s perception of illness body as machine

The Body as Machine “The machine metaphor further encouraged an instrumentalist approach to the body; the physician could ‘repair’ one part in isolation from the rest.”

2. Technology & Health Professions professional ‘spin-offs’ doctors as users & innovators power dynamics

3. Technology & Hospital central role information systems & organization financial investment

4. Technology & State politics of funding politics of access technology versus cost control

5. Technology & Capital big business manufacturers, professionals, institutions & funders Marketing medical technologies

6. Technology & Patient patient advocacy & ‘choice’ Lay understandings individual control

The Conquest of Death Medicalizing death & dying conquest of death Other medical goals?

The Conquest of Death medical technology changed social attitudes toward death - new route to ‘salvation’ in secular society ethicist Daniel Callahan argues existence of medical technologies capable of prolonging life means use seen as ‘necessary’