America: Past and Present Chapter 1 04/06/98 NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS America: Past and Present Chapter 1 1 1 1 1

Native American Histories before Conquest 04/06/98 Native American Histories before Conquest 20,000 years ago—Ice Age “Land Bridge.” 14,000 years ago--Humans reach southern point of South America. These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicable diseases 2 2 2 2

Routes of the First Americans 04/06/98 Routes of the First Americans 2 2 2 2

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture 04/06/98 The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat 5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution Crops include maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities 2 2 2 2

Mysterious Disappearances 04/06/98 Mysterious Disappearances Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation Pueblo “apartment” buildings Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network Cahokia (in Illinois) —Mississippi Valley Far-flung trade network [had evolved from Ohio Valley civilization] 2 2 2 2

Aztec Dominance Aztecs settle valley of Mexico 04/06/98 Aztec Dominance Aztecs settle valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political structure Rule through fear and force 3 3 3 3

Eastern Woodland Cultures 04/06/98 Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic Coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers Spoke Algonquian, which included many dialects Formed confederacies, ie Iroquois League 4 4 4 4

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 04/06/98 Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

04/06/98 Threats to Survival: TRADE created a dependency on Europeans, ultimately made Native craftsmanship obsolete. DISEASE killed millions of Native people, even before Europeans set foot in North America. (smallpox, measles, influenza) 7 7 7 7

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 04/06/98 West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs A history of empires Mali Ghana Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans 10 10 10 10

04/06/98 Trade Routes in Africa 10 10 10 10

Beginnings of the Slave Trade 04/06/98 Beginnings of the Slave Trade 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves 11 11 11 11

How Many Slaves? 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year 04/06/98 How Many Slaves? 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year 18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860--ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas. 1 12 12 12

Europe on the Eve of Conquest 04/06/98 Europe on the Eve of Conquest Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained rise of nation-states spread of new technologies - ie printing press Renewal of interest in the wider world 1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization 12 13 13 13

Building New Nation-States 04/06/98 Building New Nation-States Population growth after 1450 “New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces Spain France England “Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed 13 14 14 14

04/06/98 Imagining a New World Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization and for using slave labor. 14 15 15 15

04/06/98 Myths and Reality Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492--Initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America 15 16 16 16

04/06/98 The Conquistadores Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521--Cortés destroys Aztec Empire (Moctezuma) 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest 16 17 17 17

Voyages of European Exploration 04/06/98 Voyages of European Exploration 16 17 17 17

From Plunder to Settlement 04/06/98 From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors Large land grants Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute Appointed officials answer only to Crown Catholic Church Advocates for Indian rights (Bartolomeo de las Casas) Performs mass conversions By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarry Mixed-blood population emerges (mestizo and mulatto) 17 18 18 18

Portugal Had turned down Columbus’ proposed expedition in favor of sailing around Africa (very profitably) Treaty of Tordesillas gave Portugal a large swath of land in South America (Brazil)

The French Claim Canada 04/06/98 The French Claim Canada Fur trade underpins economy, little settlement of families, etc. Indians become valued trading partners 18 19 19 19

The English Enter the Competition 04/06/98 The English Enter the Competition John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) – 1st recorded transatlantic voyage by an English ship in 1497 Makes claims of New World territory possible under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Colonization under Elizabeth would be fueled by a nationalist, anti-Catholic (anti-Spanish) spirit. 19 20 20 20

Protestantism Lutheran Reformation Calvinist Reformation 04/06/98 Protestantism Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans 20 22 22 22

Birth of English Protestantism 04/06/98 Birth of English Protestantism English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany 1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics 21 21 21 21

The English Reformation 04/06/98 The English Reformation Tudor monarchs bring political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthens Crown Religious “see-saw” under Edward (Prot.), Mary (Catholic), Elizabeth (Prot.) 20 22 22 22

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch 04/06/98 Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduces Via Media Protestant Doctrine “Catholic” Ritual Ends religious turmoil in England Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers 20 22 22 22

Religion, War, and Nationalism 04/06/98 Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated 22 23 23 23

Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement 04/06/98 Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same way One way of justifying Irish land grab was the “inefficient” way the Irish farmed. Brutality fostered long-term resentment. 23 24 24 24

An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke 04/06/98 An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the “Virgin Queen” The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery 26 25 25 25

Campaign to Sell America 04/06/98 Campaign to Sell America By 1600 no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies Book, The Principall Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, spurred colonization. 26 25 25 25

What is ethnocentrism? Columbian Exchange? “Age of Discovery” reloaded . . .