The Ottoman Empire!

Common Characteristics of ALL Muslim Empires land empires oriented toward military conquest inward orientation (trading within cultural areas) dominant religion – Islam multilinguistic and multicultural traditional military reliance on cavalry

Factors in Rise of Ottoman Empire control of link between Europe and Asia on the Dardanelles strait military power -Janissaries growth primarily by land conquest

Key Ottoman Rulers Osman( ) and his descendants -founder of the Ottoman dynasty -Turkish leader -His descendants built the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet II (the Conqueror)( ) -Constantinople (Istanbul) Suleyman (the Magnificent) ( )

Famous Leaders Osman Suleiman the Mag Mehmet II

Progress in the Rise and Expansion of the Ottoman Empire crystallization of the empire at the end of the 13th century in a crucible of Mongol warfare expansion into southeastern Europe, particularly the Balkans and Greece conquest of Constantinople in 1453 Selim I’s expansion into northern Africa and against the Safavid Empire high point of the empire during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent (r ) empire’s extension into: southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa Ottoman efforts to dominate the Mediterranean Sea unsuccessful Ottoman sieges of Vienna (Central Europe) in 1529 and 1683

Factors in the Decline of the Ottoman Empire slow decline from 1566 (loss of territory) series of incompetent sultans corrupt members of elite (Janissaries) Western ideas and customs

Characteristics of the Safavid Empire Persian cultural foundation (present day Iran) predominantly Shi’ite (descendants of Muhammad rule)

Key Events in the Rise and Fall of the Empire empire formed by Shah Ismail in Battle of Chaldiran – inconclusive Ottoman victory collapsed in 1722 in the face of invading Afghans briefly revived by Nader Shah(r ), but too much pressure from outside forces and internal forces.

Key Rulers of the Safavid Empire Shah Ismail (r ) -Kurdish, Iranian, and Greek ancestry -hereditary leader of a militant Sufi -brotherhood called Safaviya Shah Abbas "the Great"( ) -Persian version of Suleyman -built Persia’s first standing army -regained territory formerly lost to the Ottoman Empire -after Abbas’s rule, Empire collapses (invading Afghan tribesmen)