Chapter Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur 19

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Last Great Nomadic Challenges I.The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan II.The Mongol Drive to the West III.The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan Mongol Culture –Nomadic pastoralists  Goats, sheep –Tribe  Divided into clans –Temporary confederations –Leaders elected

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan Kabul Khan –1100s, defeats Qin forces –Grandson, Temujin Chinggis Khan –Born Temujin –Develops alliances among Mongols –1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Building the Mongol War Machine Mounted warriors Tumens,10,000 troops Messenger force Adopted gunpowder, cannons

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan 1207, expedition China –Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China Kara Khitai defeated –Mongolian Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated Return to China –Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed 1227, death of Chinggis Khan –Empire from Persia to North China Sea

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Life Under the Mongol Imperium Harsh, tolerant Chinggis Khan –Capital at karakorum –Shamanistic  Tolerated other religions –New administration Commerce thrives

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire 1227, division of empire –Three sons, one grandson –Ogedei, third son  Elected great khan

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mongol Drive to the West Golden Horde –Khan's tent Russia in the 1200s –Many kingdoms –Mongols (Tartars) invade

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mongol Drive to the West Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan –1236, begins conquest of Russia –1240, Kiev taken and sacked –Novgorod spared

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange Network

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Russia in Bondage Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde Commerce benefits Moscow thrives –Metropolitan head of Orthodox church –Leads Russian resistance to Mongol Kulikova, 1380 –Golden Horde defeated

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe Hungary, 1240 Death of Ogedei –Batu retreats

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands Hulegu –Grandson of Chinggis Khan –Ilkhan –West to Mesopotamia, north Africa –1258, Baghdad sacked –1260, stopped by Baibars  Egyptian Mamluks

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History Ogedei renews attack on China Kubilai Khan –Grandson of Chinggis Khan –Attacks Song –1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty –Capital at Tatu (Beijing)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture Mongol women retain liberties Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence Mongol patronage –Attracts scholars, artists Religious toleration –Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims Marco Polo –Visits court

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance Ethnic Chinese resist –Especially scholar-gentry Kubilai –Protects peasant lands –Famine relief –Tax, labor burden lessened

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Fall of the House of Yuan Death of Kubilai –Dynasty already weakened –Song revolt 1274, 1280, Japan attacked –Failure By 1350s, territory lost Ju Yanzhang –Founds Ming dynasty

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) –Turkish –Base at Samarkand 1360s, conquests –Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History 1405, death –Empire dissolves –End of steppe nomad conquests