Chapter 16 Culture Change in the Modern World

Chapter Outline  Making the Modern World  Independence and Poverty  Looking to the Future

World Population  About 2 million years ago, our remote ancestors numbered perhaps 100,000.  By the time the first agricultural societies were developing 10,000 years ago, world population had reached 5 million to 10 million people.  Two thousand years ago there were only about 250 million people in the world.  By 1750, this had tripled to 750 million.

World Population  In 1800, there were 1 billion people in the world; by 1930, there were 2 billion.  In the last 2/3 of the twentieth century, world population tripled, surpassing the 6 billion mark in the summer of  By the summer of 2005 it stood at about 6.4 billion.  World population continues to increase at the rate of about 1 billion people a decade.

World Resource Use  1,000 years ago, the majority of the world’s population consumed at similar levels, although substantial differences in wealth existed.  Today, about 1/5 of the Earth’s population takes home 64% of the world’s income.

World Resource Use  The net worth of the 358 richest people in the world is equal to the combined income of the world’s poorest 2.3 billion people.  The average person in an industrialized nation consumes: – 3 times as much fresh water –10 times as much energy –19 times as much aluminum as someone in a developing nation.

Europeans in 1400  Devised oceangoing vessels.  Were masters of cathedral and castle construction.  Experienced much war, plague, and economic depression.

Motivators for European Expansion  Christianize the world.  Find a wide variety of wonders, both real and imagined.  Amass great wealth.

Conversion of native peoples to Christianity was one of the primary interests of the Spanish in the Americas. ©2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Developments Aiding Expansion  Rise of a banking and merchant class.  Growing population.  New ship design that was better at sailing into the wind.  Diseases carried by Europeans to native populations.

Question  European expansion and conquest of non-European peoples, especially in the Americas, was aided by a number of factors, except which one of the following? a)diseases the Europeans carried, with which peoples of the Americas had no experience b)a new type of ship, the caravel c)the backdrop of a merchant and banking class in Europe as investors d)the notion of plantation monocropping e)a concept new to nation-states, slavery

Answer: e  European expansion and conquest of non- European peoples, especially in the Americas, was aided by a number of factors, except a concept new to nation-states, slavery.

Monoculture Plantation  An agricultural plantation specializing in the large-scale production of a single crop to be sold on the market.

Joint Stock Company  A firm that is managed by a centralized board of directors but owned by shareholders.

Pillaging  Europeans used violence to take money, goods, or raw materials.  Mines were placed under European control.  When the British East India company came to power in India, it plundered the treasury of Bengal.

Pillage  To strip an area of money, goods, or raw materials through the use of physical violence or the threat of such violence.

Forced Labor  In the 15th century, Europeans practiced slavery on a larger scale than any people before them.  Non-Europeans exported over 7 million slaves to the Islamic world between 650 and  At the end of the 19th century approximately 11 million slaves were exported to the Americas.

Slavery and Bondage  Vassalage –A condition of hereditary bondage in which the use of land is granted in return for payment, homage, and military service or its equivalent.  Peonage –The practice of holding a person in bondage or partial slavery in order for them to work off a debt or serve a prison sentence.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)  A joint stock company chartered by the Dutch government to control all Dutch trade in the Indian and Pacific oceans.  Led by a board of directors called the Heeren XVII (the Lords Seventeen).  Seized control of the Indian Ocean islands.  Took brutal steps to keep its monopoly on valuable spices and by the 1670s had control of all spice production.

Colonialism  Possession and political domination of a foreign territory.  Industrialization created an enormous demand for raw materials.  Taxation supported the colonial government, and forced natives into the market system.

Question  Major features of colonialism are illustrated by all except which one of the following statements? a)In virtually all cases, colonial powers encouraged significant out-migration from the home country to becomes settlers in the colonies. b)European countries often used existing rulership to control people and territory for the colonizer's benefit. c)Mercantile companies were replaced by government control and possession of territories. d)Many European colonial powers developed extensive systems of corvee labor.

Answer: a  The following is not a major feature of colonialism: –In virtually all cases, colonial powers encouraged significant out-migration from the home country to becomes settlers in the colonies.

Corvée Labor  Unpaid labor required by a governing authority.

Per capita GNP  Total market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year divided by the population of that country.  World Bank –An agency of the United Nations, officially called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, that provides loans to promote international trade and economic development, especially to poor nations.

Development  The notion that some countries are poor because they have small industrial plants and few lines of communication and that they should pursue wealth by acquiring these things.

Development: Reasons for Failure  Undeveloped nations could not repeat the historic experiences of the industrialized world.  Development projects were poorly designed.  Environmental and social justice issues resulted in widespread tension and violent confrontations.

Modernization Theory  A model of development that predicts that nonindustrial societies will move in the social and technological direction of industrialized nations.

Multinational Corporations  Try to contribute wealth to their shareholders, most of whom live in the wealthiest nations.  Move to least expensive places to produce goods and most profitable places to sell them.  Depend on cheap labor provided by women and children.

Maquiladora  A manufacturing plant, owned by an international company, located in Mexico to take advantage of inexpensive labor there.

Sweatshop  Generally a pejorative term for a factory with working conditions that may include low wages, long hours, inadequate ventilation, and physical, mental, or sexual abuse.

Urban Migration Percentage of people living in cities is rising more rapidly in poor than in wealthy nations:  In 1950, 16% of the population of non-industrialized nations lived in large cities.  By 1985, this had increased to 30%.  Expected to reach 50% by the 21 st century.

Voluntary Association  With urbanization, social groups based on voluntary membership develop.  These voluntary associations are especially helpful for migrants making the transition from traditional, rural society to an urban lifestyle.  Voluntary associations may serve as mutual aid societies, lending money to members, providing scholarships for students, arranging funerals, and taking care of marriage arrangements.

Population Growth

Quick Quiz

1. The appearance of ________, approximately 11,000 years ago, led to a significant population increase. a)foraging strategies b)industrial production c)agriculture d)tropical horticulture e)human language

Answer: c  The appearance of agriculture, approximately 11,000 years ago, led to a significant population increase.

2. Modernization models include all except which of one of the following notions? a)If indigenous people turn to cash cropping and wage labor, they will improve their standard of living. b)A shift from a subsistence economy to a cash economy is a necessary change if economic development is to occur. c)Non-western nations must repeat the historical experience of the industrialized nations. d)Social inequality and poverty have increased as more populations participate in the global market economy. e)Financial aid and development projects can help introduce advanced technology.

Answer: d  Modernization models do not include the following notion: –Social inequality and poverty have increased as more populations participate in the global market economy.

3. If you examine the labels on your clothing, there is a high probability you will find that it was made in a poor nation a)by local women in their homes. b)in factories or plants owned by multinational corporations. c)by cooperatives increasingly under the control of local communities. d)where people are happy to receive a relatively high wage for their work. e)by a voluntary association.

Answer: b  If you examine the labels on your clothing, there is a high probability you will find that it was made in a poor nation in factories or plants owned by multinational corporations.

4. The primary concern and responsibility of Hereen XVII was a)profitability to shareholders of the Dutch East India Company. b)that of government regulation of company activities. c)maintaining careful separation of church, state, and business interests. d)how to maintain his rule as monarch of the Kingdom of Holland. e)how to convert newly-discovered cultures to Christianity.

Answer: a  The primary concern and responsibility of Hereen XVII was profitability to shareholders of the Dutch East India Company.