 1. Why did Mendoza become a missionary?  2. What happened to the mission above the falls?

 Decline of 90% by the end of the 16th C.  How did this collapse affect the colonies?

 African Slavery to replace Native Population  Concentrated in Caribbean and Brazil  : over 11 million people

 11 million people enslaved  Used to be 15 million, recently revised down  Patrick Manning: 12 million slaves entered Atlantic trade from 16th and 19th century  About 1.5 million died on board ships  About 10.5 million slaves arrived in Americas  In addition to Middle Passage, 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young  Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets

 1. Land and Labor:  Encomienda System: grant of indigenous tribute and labor, not land  After 16th C, established haciendas, large landed family farms Repartimiento: forced purchase of goods by natives

 North Central New Spain at Zacatecas and Guanajuato  Upper Peru at Potosi  Mine of Huancavelica in the PeruvianAndes    Brazil  Brazil: Minas Gerais

 Local production developed and flourished in 17th C  Wine, Sugarcane  Mules  Textiles  Cochineal  Henequen  Beef jerkey and Hides

1. Strict control over female choice and sexuality purity of blood 2. Outright exploitation of indigenous and African Women 3. Tightly controlled in castes See Chasteen, 78-80

 Discussion  What were the principal conflicts in this film?  What did you learn about the Colonial Period?

 Chasteen, Blood and Fire, Ch. 3  What pushed Americanos towards independ.?  Describe the Patriot’s winning strategy.  How did it work?  Bartolome, Ch. 4  How did the conquests of Mexico and Peru Affect Las Casas’ lobby in Spain? What is “Obedezco pero no cumplo” (95) -Who was Domingo de Betanzos? (98) How did Pizarro’s conquest affect Las Casas?

 Conflict: Extraction of labor and resources involved coercion vs. conversion  Lewis Hanke, Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America:  “No other European people, before or since the conquest of America, plunged into such a struggle for justice as developed among Spaniards shortly after the discovery of America and persisted throughout the sixteenth century.”

Four examples of people who struggled to make Their system more equitable  1. Antonio de Montesinos  -Dominican Friar on Hispaniola, who Sunday before Christmas, 1511  preached first public protest against ill treatment of Indians by Spaniards  (Las Casas, p )

 In 1600, a dissatisfied and acculturated Indian from Peru  wrote letter to the Spanish monarchs, 1200 pages in length, etchings depicting abuses of the Spanish Colonial system

 -Stinging criticism of injustices of her day  “Which deserves the sterner blame, though each will be a sinner: She who becomes a whore for pay, or he who pays to win her?”

 Dominican, helped in conquest of Cuba, owned slaves  Ecclesiastes, Chapter 34  “Those who sacrificeth of a thing wrongfully gotten, their offering is ridiculous, and the gifts of the unjust are not accepted.”  Wrote Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the IndiesResults of his work?

 Colonial Latin America: Economic and Social  What have you learned today?

 Historian Lewis Hanke  The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of the Americas  Primary vs. Secondary Documents?