European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas HH World Studies Goggins

Renaissance -> Exploration Curiosity about the secular world, fueled by a humanist education, inspired scholars and explorers to contemplate the world beyond European borders. Marco Polo -> Italian merchant and author who inspired others to explore.

Consider PERSPECTIVE The way in which objects or events appear to the eye. How did Renaissance artists and authors demonstrate perspective? How might an awareness of perspective inform our study of Exploration and Conquest?

Motives For Exploration Leave room to explain each in your own words. GOD GLORY GOLD SPICES

Columbus “Discovers” New World Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain – provide funding and permission for their own interests Columbus believes the world is round First landing at Hispaniola in the Caribbean Conquistadors continue the process of exploration and conquest for Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas Inevitable competition between sea powers Spain and Portugal The Pope mediates this conflict between two Catholic Nations The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world in half The Line of Demarcation divides the Spanish half from the Portuguese half

Conquest of the Aztecs Hernan Cortez lands in Mexico in 1519 and defeats Aztecs, led by Moctezuma Native peoples ruled by Aztecs aid the Spanish During Le Triste Noche, Aztecs experience short-lived victory against Spanish

Conquest of the Aztecs Disease decimates native population Moctezuma is taken prisoner Tenochtitlan taken in 1521 and destroyed Mexico City is built on the site of the destroyed Aztec capital.

Conquest of the Inca Incas weakened by spread of smallpox, death of Inca, and Civil War Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru and defeats Incan ruler Atahualpa in 1520s Spanish build new capital at Lima

Hierarchy in Spanish Colonies Viceroy: royal governor of New World Province Peninsulares: Spanish born in Europe Creoles: Spanish, born in New World Mestizos: mix Spanish and Indian heritage Zambos: African and Indian heritage

New World Economy Mercantilism Country’s power depends on wealth in gold and silver Limited amount of gold and silver available Government controls economy to maximize profit Exports > Imports Colonies required for exploitation and wealth

New World Economy Encomienda: system where colonists were granted land and the labor of a certain number of natives Hacienda: large, self-sufficient farming estate

Other European Countries The Dutch, English, and French sought to extend their own interests in the New World Explorers hope to find the fabled Northwest Passage that would allow them to said through the Americas

Create a Comparison Chart Create a chart in your notes to compare Spanish, French, English and Dutch Colonies Compare them based on – motivations for colonization – types of settlements – Raw materials – Important names – Relations with natives

SpainFranceEnglandDutch Netherlands Motivations Wealth, Trade routes, religion trade routes, NW passage, Religion Private P,E,R interests trade Type of Settlement large estates, hierarchy Catholics only, Mostly men, Lived closely with natives Families, including women Ex: Plymouth & Jamestown established by private companies, restrict immigration Raw Materials Gold, silver, sugar, cattle Sugar, fur tradeSugar, tobacco, indigo, lumber Sugar, fur trade Important Names Columbus, Pizarro, Cortes Jacques Cartier, Champlain, de la Salle John Cabot, Sir Walter Raleigh Henry Hudson Relations with Natives very harsh, enslaved cohabitatedAttempt to drive out Conflicts over land

Colonial Labor At first Native Americans were used as the primary labor force on plantations and mines The rapid decline of the Native population from disease and overwork led Europeans to look for new sources of labor. African slaves replaced Native Americans as the primary labor force

Origins of the Slave Trade The Atlantic Slave Trade was an extension of the slave trade that already existed within Africa. – Internal Slave Trade – Oriental Slave Trade Warfare in the 1400s resulted in many more prisoners of war becoming slaves

Portuguese Slave Traders Portuguese traders in North Africa exchanged European goods for ivory, gold and slaves. At first gold was their main concern. The need for labor on American plantation increased the appeal of the slave trade.

The Middle Passage The Middle Passage refers to the long and brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean

Triangle Trade Exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.  Slaves shipped to the Americas  Raw materials and plantations goods shipped to Europe  Manufactured goods shipped to Africa and Americas

Consequences of Slave Trade Europeans introduced new products to Africa – Weapons, corn, yams African Diaspora = the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas through the slave trade. Spread of African culture