A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades and later Ottoman invasion  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries. 4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune.

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Portuguese Maritime Empire 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, Vasco da Gama, Calicut.

Christopher Columbus [ ]

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Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Maya

Aztec

Inca

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Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

How was conquest achieved? Disease Technology/warfare strategies Alliances End of the world predicted and initial friendly welcome.

How was conquest achieved? Disease: small pox, 2/3 dead Europeans domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox

Technology

Division among the people

End of the world predicted

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro Other Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

Encomienda System and peonage Monopoly created with mercantilism

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Treasures from the Americas!

But maybe most important was the potato which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize. However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in ,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans. Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542, ignored and led to more African slavery

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in Surat in NW India in Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease and slavery. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”] 4.Deepened colonial rivalries and belief in mercantilism.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

slavery/ slavery/