World History Section 1 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION 15 TH & 16 TH CENTURY

BACKGROUND 15th Century Achievements -Century Rise of Nation-ism among the New Nations -States of Europe emergence of powerful new nation -States with assertive Monarchs -Invention of the Printing Press -Expansion of Trade & Business Activity -Renaissance quest for knowledge -Reconquista completed in Spain- 1492

MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION Desire to enhance National Prestige (Nationalism) Nation Wealth & Territory Prestige for Monarchs. Possibility of Personal Wealth, Fame, & Social Prestige. Quest for New Geographical knowledge. Desire to spread Christianity. Intensifying International competition among the powerful Nations. States of Europe desire to find new Trade Routes to the East. Increase Profits.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EXPLORATION Better & faster Ship design Printing Press More reliable Magnetic Compass The invention of the Clock (allowed for new navigational methods- Eventually Longitude) Astrolabe- Latitude Navigation More accurate Maps Gun Powder & New Weapons -Cannons and Muskets

SHIPS

ARMED VESSEL

PRINTING PRESS

ASTROLABE

NEW WEAPONS 15 TH -16 TH CENTURY

IMPROVED COMPASS

Section 2 MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN EXPLORATION

PORTUGAL Claimed parts of: -West Africa -Parts of Asia -Large Portion of South America (Brazil) “Treaty of Tordesillas” Major Emphasis -Trade & Gold Slave Trade= West Africa This created New Products & Spices

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL National Policies strongly supported exploration and trade. Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade.

SLAVE TRADE (WEST AFRICA) African slaves were brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture. Portugal was the major slave trading European nation.

SPAIN Claimed=  (Caribbean Islands)  (Central America) – Except *Brazil  (Mexico)  (South West North America)  (Philippines)

FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED, “EXPLORATION” & “EXPANSION”

KING FERDINAND & QUEEN ISABELLA OF SPAIN

MAJOR EMPHASIS Accumulation of Gold & Silver Expansion of Trade Farming- Sugar Plantations Some Slave Trade- “Limited” -Spain outlawed the slave trade in the 1700’s Active in the Spread of Christianity -(Jesuits Missionaries) Enhance personal Prestige & Social Standing -Strict Social Hierarchy in Spain -(Feudal in many respects)

LINE OF DEMARCATION 1493 Official agreement that divided the territories claimed by Spain & Portugal in the New World. Imaginary line drawn by Pope Alexander VI Lands East of the Line (Portugal) Lands West of the line (Spain)

LINE OF DEMARCATION

ENGLAND East Coast of North America Canada India

MAJOR EMPHASIS Expansion of Territory Trade New Opportunities for Middle Class Fleeing Religious persecution

MAJOR EUROPEAN EXPLORERS Vasco De Gama- first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope. Magellan- first voyage to circumnavigate the globe. Columbus- first European voyage to arrive in the New World. Cortez- conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. Pizarro - conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru. Balboa - first to see the Pacific Ocean- Crossed Panama (isthmus) Ponce De Leon- explored Florida. Coronado- first European to see the Grand Canyon and explore the southern U.S.

VASCO DE- GAMA (PORTUGUESE)

MAGELLAN (PORTUGUESE) Magellan did not survive the voyage. Of the 270 men who began the voyage around the Globe, only 18 finished and returned to Europe. Magellan died April 27 th, 1521

MAGELLAN TIME LINE

MAP OF MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE

ANOTHER LOOK AT MAGELLAN’S TRIP

COLUMBUS- (ITALIAN) LED 3 VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD

NINA, PINTA, SANTA MARIA

CORTEZ (SPANISH) DEFEATED “AZTEC EMPIRE”

AZTEC EMPIRE DEFEATED

PIZARRO (SPANISH)

PIZARRO- CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE (PERU)

INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU (THE ANCIENT INCAN CITY OF “MACHU PICCHU”)

BALBOA Crossing the Isthmus of Panama (Pacific Ocean) First European to cross from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.

CORONADO EXPLORED THE SOUTHWEST U.S. (GRAND CANYON)

Section 3 LABOR & INDUSTRY IN THE NEW WORLD

“ENCOMIENDA” Tribute Labor System= native peoples were required to give labor to the European settlers.

MINING Silver POTOSI. Vast amounts of (Gold) & (Silver) were sent to Spain from the New World. Primary Labor Force was “Indigenous Population”

PLANTATIONS- SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROP. NATIVE PEOPLE & AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARM AND PLANTATIONS.

15 TH & 16 TH CENTURY ECONOMIC MODEL “MERCANTILISM” Based on the accumulation of Gold & Silver (precious metals) Gold and Silver were the measure of Wealth (not Business of Production) The PURPOSE of the economy was “Serve the State” Trade was focused on primarily on Exporting and selling goods in the new colonies. Little Capital investment in business. Colonial holdings were seen as: -A source of Raw Materials -Markets for European Goods

Section 4 THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION- AGE OF EXPLORATION

TRIANGLE OF TRADE

ECONOMIC Rapid economic growth and increase in business activity. Vast amounts of Gold & Silver flooded into Europe. Prices of Good rose due to INFLATION and MERCANTILIST economic policies. Expanded opportunities for the rising middle class. Majority of Europeans saw little improvement in their “Standard of Living.” CAPITALISM began to emerge –(exception was in Spain)

POLITICAL Western Europe began to Dominate the Globe -(New land were claimed and colonized) -(Western political models were installed) The “Rivalry” between the Nation-States of Europe intensified. International tension grew.

SOCIETAL Social values began to be more focused on MATERIAL WEALTH and SOCIAL STANDING. Growing SECULAR trends. Rising MIDDLE CLASS benefitted from New economic & social opportunities. POWER & WEALTH in the colonies came to be concentrated in the hands of few. -(Social & Economic issues have continued to PLAGUE these regions as a result of this trend.)

RELIGIOUS Christianity spread across the Globe -(The Americas) -(Parts of Asia) Christian Missionaries worked to Convert Native populations -(The Jesuits were very active) -(Started Missions) -(Established Schools) Very often Conversations were forced and or coerced; however, many truly converted to Christianity. Christianity of blended with traditional religious beliefs and practices -(Know as Syncretism)

GLOBAL Millions of Africans were imported to the New World as Slaves. Animals were brought to the Americas -(Horses & Cattle) New Plants and Crops were Exchanged -Tomatoes -Potatoes -Corn -Early forms of pain killers (developed by Natives)

INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS Native populations in the New World were “Decimated.” -Estimated that from (1500)-(1600) the populations shrank from 20 million to 2 million. Causes: ~Disease & Malnutrition ~War & Conflict ~Harsh Labor

INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS MIXED WITH EUROPEANS & AFRICANS ~New Cultural and Racial Groups ~Blending of Cultures  Language  Religion  Customs  Music  Art

The End. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WAS IN MANY WAYS A REFLECTION OF THE IDEALS AND VALUES OF THE RENAISSANCE.