The Celts: After 1000 BCE Tribal Society & Hillforts Tribes Related to Gauls & Germans Kinship Groups; Community Hillforts: 3k at least; Power Trade, Seasonal Activity Later Centralization From Clans to “Monarchy” Tribes Combining Catuvellauni, Iceni, Brigantes Lowland Settlements Camulodunum, Verulamium Religion and Women Priest Class of Druids (Gaulish) Nature & Seasons; Pantheism; Sacrifice Priestesses and Queens (Boudicca) Maiden Castle, Dorset, c. 600 BCE

From Stones & Bones to Axe-wielding Celts Waves of Migration Climatic Changes Permanent Settlement Farming Mining Tribal Societies vs. “Britain” Rivaling Clans Hierarchical Structure Combination; Domination Trade and Commerce Religious & Seasonal Life Importance of Water Rivers, Bogs Snettisham Torc, Norfolk, c. 75 BCE About 1 Kilogram of Gold and Silver

Roman Britain: At the World’s Edge Military Expedition from Gaul False Start, 55/54 BCE Conquest in Earnest Massive Force, 43 CE Success & Revolts in Provinces Romanization of Britain Art & Architecture Commercial Contacts; Cities London Imperial Fracture and Retreat Roman Withdrawal & Pagan Raids Early Christianity Two Saints and a Heretic The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

The First Attempt for Britannia Julius Caesar’s Expedition 55/54 BCE; Gallic Wars Huge Success in Gaul Not the Same in Britain Without Riches or Infrastructure Previous Experience Minimal, but Not Unknown Existing Trade Links Effects Clear Military Domination Surveyed for Later Conquest Commercial & Political Contacts Bust of Julius Caesar

Round 2: Britannia Conquered Emperor Claudius’ Shot at Glory 43 CE; Military Conquest 40,000 Men (Romans and Gauls) Swift Pace of Victory in South & East Roman Discipline and Weaponry British Tribes without Armor Camulodunum/Colchester Lincoln, 47; Gloucester, 50 Boudicca’s Revolt, 60/1 Longer Process in Wales & the North Anglesey, 61; York, 77 Hadrian’s Wall, 120s NB: Differences in Topography

Hadrian’s Wall: 73 Miles of Division Remnants of Brunton Turret, Hadrian’s Wall, West of Newcastle

The Character and Extent of Romanization Political Dominance Gnaeus Julius Agricola Governor from 78 Massive Military Deployment Art & Architecture Age of Prosperity and Peace Baths; Villas; Mosaics Commercial Contacts Mineral Trade (Silver, Lead) Agriculture, Slave Trade Cities Water Supply; Public Buildings Roads Within and Between Colchester; York Bucklersbury Pavement, 4 th Cent. (Now in the Museum of London)

Bath

Londinium Pre-Roman Sites along Thames Roman Settlement, Thames Bridged, 50 Boudicca Sacked, 60/1 City Rebuilt; Noted Capital Governorship of Agricola Basilica/Forum; Baths Governor’s Palace 1 st Century Waterfront Secured City Wall for Fortification 2 nd and 3 rd Centuries International Commercial Center

The Fracture of Rome and Contraction of Empire 4 th Century Weaknesses Internal Rivalry and Splits in Rome Military Realignments Foundation of Empire is Expansion (An Idle Army is an Angry Army) 4 th Century Strengths British Wealth and Trade (c. 3.5 Million in Roman Britain) Benefits of Romanization Military Techniques 5 th Century Consequences Retreat of Empire Expedited by British Revolts and Raids from Saxons & Irish 410: Emperor Honorius’ Letter By 450: Roman Britain Over Coin Minted with Honorius’ Image

Early British Christianity St. Alban Britain’s 1 st Martyr, 3 rd Century Verulamium – St. Albans, Hertfordshire St. Patrick 5 th Century; from Northwest Britain Of High Roman Family Slave in, Missionary to Ireland Pelagius Britain’s 1 st Heretic, c. 400 Theological Opposition to Augustine (Original Sin & Christian Grace) Romano-British Christianity Widespread Constantine & Council of Nicea (325) The Decapitation of St. Alban