A great increase in output of machine-made goods during the 18 th century. Transformed the political and diplomatic landscape of Europe. Before largely dominated rural and handcrafted economy Revolution=technology changes, social changes, new organization of human labor

1700 first change in farming methods (England) Open field growth changed to enclosed fields Crop Rotation Stock Breading Small farms bought up by wealthy landowners Food supply increase, living conditions improve, population increase

No civil strife or invading of armies (French Revolution) Relatively good and stable government Had factors of production (land, labor, capital) Presence of a large middle class People invested and drove to be better No trade taxes like continental Europe Rich in natural resources needed for industrialization (water, coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors for ships)

Modern cotton industry Before 4 to 5 spinners needed to keep up with one cotton loom

With invention of new machine to spin, the revolution took off Inventors: John Kay (flying shuttle, James Hagreaves (Spinning Jenny), Eli Whitney (Cotton wheel) Large machines required a factory to put them in

Steam Engine Transportation Water, iron, coal become energy sources Railroad= expanded market for factories, cheap way to transport, new jobs created, boost agriculture industry Automobile in U.S.

Communication Alexander Graham Bell-Telephone Radio

Goal: keep things running 14hrs. / day, 6 day / week Dangerous working environments Women and children made up over half of the labor force

City growth=shift towards cities because of factories Living condition bad=no sanitary codes, no building codes, lack adequate housing, education, protection. New class created=working class All men and women in mills and factories Class tensions due to living conditions: middle class (professional workers live good)

England 1860 produce 20% of industrial goods Population increase 9 to 21 million Took inventions to Europe No wars going on Highly developed transportation system France / Continental Europe Gap in production due to Napoleon Wars Much larger and fewer rivers for navigation Need and want to adopt “Britain’s Miracle” Belgium has high contents of iron and coal Germany builds railroads

United States Same resources as England Wanted fast ways to do things Moses Brown—created first factories Textile first—clothing production 1865 end of civil war—boom of industry in northeast Boost in inventions—telephone, light bulb, railroad

Wide gap between industrialized and non- industrialized countries Imperialism develops=policy of extending one countries rule over many lands Aggressive pursuit of foreign colonies for economic purposes Settlement rather than exploration Successful wars and foreign conquest Western world break off from the rest of the world