1. IMMIGRANTS ◦ CITIES CHEAPER AND MORE CONVIENT ◦ ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS AND CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES NOT FOUND IN RURAL AREAS
2. FARMERS ◦ FEWER FARM LABORERS NEEDED BECAUSE OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ◦ BELIEVED JOBS COULD BE FOUND IN CITIES ◦ CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES
3. AFRICAN AMERICANS ◦ FEWER FARM LABORERS NEEDED BECAUSE OF TECHNOLOGY ◦ BELIEVED JOBS COULD BE FOUND IN CITIES ◦ HOPE OF LESS RACIAL VIOLENCE AND POLITICAL OPPRESSION THAN THE SOUTH ◦ CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES NOT FOUND IN RURAL AREAS
LACK OF SAFE AND EFFICENT TRANSPORTATION ◦ CONSTRUCTION OF MASS- TRANSIT NETWORKS, BASED ON SUCH NEW FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION AS CABLE CARS, ELECTRIC STREETCARS, AND ELECTRIC SUBWAYS
UNSAFE DRINKING WATER ◦ CHLORINATION AND FILTRATION
LACK OF SANITATION ◦ SEWER LINES AND SANITATION DEPARTMENTS
FIRE HAZARDS ◦ FULL-TIME PROFESSIONAL FIRE DEPARTMENTS AND AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER ◦ REPLACEMENT OF MANY WOODEN BUILDINGS WITH STRUCTURES MADE OF BRICK, STONE AND CONCRETE
CRIME ◦ FULL-TIME PROFESSIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENTS