LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there. Explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues. Describe some of the organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants.

A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

The Challenges of Urbanization Section 2 The Challenges of Urbanization The rapid growth of cities force people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation. NEXT

The Challenges of Urbanization 2 SECTION The Challenges of Urbanization Urban Opportunities Immigrants Settle in Cities • Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities • Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs • Americanization movement—assimilate people into main culture • Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills - English, American history, cooking, etiquette • Ethnic communities provide social support Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities

Guided Reading The People Why was each group drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest? 1. Immigrants Cities cheaper and more convenient; ethnic neighborhoods and cultural opportunities not found in rural areas

Migration from Country to City 2 SECTION continued Urban Opportunities Migration from Country to City Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood 1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence Find segregation, discrimination in North too Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension NEXT

MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century It also meant less labor was needed to do the job

Guided Reading The People Why was each group drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest? 2. Farmers Fewer farm laborers needed because of new technology; believed jobs could be found in cities; cultural opportunities not found in rural areas

MIGRATION FROM Rural to Urban Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African Americans Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North

Guided Reading The People Why was each group drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest? 3. African Americans Fewer farm laborers, needed because of new technology; believed jobs could be found in cities; hope of less racial violence and political oppression than in the South; cultural opportunities not found in rural areas

Indian Assimilation School

Chapter 7; Section 2 A – Why did native-born Americans start the Americanization movement? To encourage newcomers to assimilate into the dominant culture.

URBAN PROBLEMS

Urban Problems Transportation 2 SECTION Urban Problems Transportation • Mass transit—move large numbers of people along fixed routes • By 20th century, transit systems link city to suburbs Continued . . . NEXT

URBAN PROBLEMS Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems

Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem? 4. Lack of safe and efficient transportation Construction of mass-transit networks, based on such new forms of transportation as: cable cars, electric streetcars, and electric subways

Urban Problems Housing 2 SECTION Urban Problems Housing • Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses • Later, row houses built for single families • Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house • Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary Continued . . . NEXT

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Problems in American cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included: Housing: overcrowded tenements (multi-family homes) were unsanitary Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

Jacob Riis

2 SECTION continued Urban Problems Water 1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Continued . . . NEXT

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common

Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem? 5. Unsafe drinking water Chlorination and filtration

2 SECTION continued Urban Problems Sanitation Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses - often do not do job properly By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments Continued . . . NEXT

Sanitation

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air

Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem? 6. Lack of sanitation Sewer lines and sanitation departments

2 SECTION continued Urban Problems Fire Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters Most firefighters volunteers, not always available 1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer NEXT

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem? 7. Fire hazards Full-time professional fire departments and the automatic fire sprinkler; replacement of many wooden buildings with structures made of brick, stone, and concrete

Crime 2 As population grows, thieves flourish SECTION continued Urban Problems Crime As population grows, thieves flourish Early police forces too small to be effective NEXT

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished

Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem? 8. Crime Full-time professional police departments

REFORMERS MOBILIZE PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY Riis was a reformer who through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many

Jacob Riis

Chapter 7; Section 2 B – What housing problems did urban working-class families face? Transportation difficulties, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions.

Jacob Riis

Chapter 7; Section 2 C – How did conditions in cities affect people’s health? Lack of clean water and inadequate sanitation spread disease.

Reformers Mobilize The Settlement House Movement 2 SECTION Reformers Mobilize The Settlement House Movement • Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty • Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation through service to poor • Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants • Run by college-educated women, they: - provide educational, cultural, social services - send visiting nurses to the sick - help with personal, job, financial problems • Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 NEXT

REFORMERS MOBILIZE The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor

Jane Addams and Hull House REFORMERS MOBILIZE Some reformers established Settlement Homes These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago) Jane Addams and Hull House

Urbanization The rapid growth of cities Social Gospel movement The Movement preached salvation through service to the poor settlement houses These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services Jane Addams The most famous member of the Settlement (House) Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago

Politics in the Gilded Age Section 3 Politics in the Gilded Age Local and national political corruption in the 19th century leads to calls for reform. NEXT

Politics in the Gilded Age 3 SECTION Politics in the Gilded Age The Emergence of Political Machines The Political Machine • Political machine—organized group that controls city political party • Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support • After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities • Machine organization: precinct captains, ward bosses, city boss Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did political machines Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure their candidate was elected

The Role of the Political Boss 3 SECTION continued The Emergence of Political Machines The Role of the Political Boss • Whether or not city boss serves as mayor, he: - controls access to city jobs, business licenses - influences courts, municipal agencies - arranges building projects, community services • Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence Immigrants and the Machine Many captains, bosses 1st- or 2nd-generation Americans Machines help immigrants with naturalization, jobs, housing NEXT

ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes Boss Tweed ran NYC

MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL Some political bosses were corrupt Some political machines used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses Construction contracts often resulted in “kick-backs” The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny

Municipal Graft and Scandal 3 SECTION Municipal Graft and Scandal Election Fraud and Graft • Machines use electoral fraud to win elections • Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain • Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities The Tweed Ring Scandal • 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads Tammany Hall in NYC • Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars • Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage - Tweed Ring broken in 1871 NEXT

PATRONAGE SYSTEM Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected

Civil Service Replaces Patronage 3 SECTION Civil Service Replaces Patronage Patronage Spurs Reform • Patronage—government jobs to those who help candidate get elected • Civil service (government administration) are all patronage jobs • Some appointees not qualified; some use position for personal gain • Reformers press for merit system of hiring for civil service Continued . . . NEXT

Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur 3 SECTION continued Civil Service Replaces Patronage Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes elected president 1876 - names independents to cabinet - creates commission to investigate corruption - fires 2 officials; angers Stalwarts • 1880, Republican independent James A. Garfield wins election • Stalwart Chester A. Arthur is vice-president • Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed • As president, Arthur urges Congress to pass civil service law • Pendleton Civil Service Act—appointments based on exam score NEXT

CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam

Business Buys Influence 3 SECTION Business Buys Influence Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs Business wants high tariffs; Democrats want low tariffs 1884, Democrat Grover Cleveland wins; cannot lower tariffs 1888, Benjamin Harrison becomes president, supports higher tariffs - wins passage of McKinley Tariff Act 1892, Cleveland reelected, supports bill that lowers McKinley Tariff - rejects bill that also creates income tax - Wilson-Gorman Tariff becomes law 1894 1897, William McKinley becomes president, raises tariffs again NEXT

Protectionism - Tariffs