EEB 304 Lecture 3 – Plant Manipulation and Naming

Optional Assignment List the continents that would be included under the designations “Old World” and “New World” Return as hard copy or send by to receive credit Due Thursday 1/20/11

“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell so sweet.”

“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell so sweet.” Shakespeare, “Romeo and Juliet”

Mystery Plant - This plant is a native of the Old World that has multiple uses

Mystery Plant - This plant is a native of the Old World that has multiple uses - It is used for its fibers to make rope, fishnets, clothing, etc.

Mystery Plant - This plant is a native of the Old World that has multiple uses - It is used for its fibers to make rope, fishnets, clothing, etc. - Because its importance as a source of fibers, it was widely planted in the U.S. midwest during World War II

Mystery Plant - This plant is a native of the Old World that has multiple uses - It is used for its fibers to make rope, fishnets, clothing, etc. - Because its importance as a source of fibers, it was widely planted in the U.S. midwest during World War II - It is also the source of a psychoactive drug, which has led to its possession and using being considered a criminal offense in the U.S.

Mystery Plant - This plant is a native of the Old World that has multiple uses - It is used for its fibers to make rope, fishnets, clothing, etc. - Because its importance as a source of fibers, it was widely planted in the U.S. midwest during World War II - It is also the source of a psychoactive drug, which has led to its possession and using being considered a criminal offense in the U.S. - In the 1960s and 1970s, court battles ranged that centered on the name for the plant, with both prosecution and defense enlisting the services of expert botanists.

Mystery Plant - This plant is a native of the Old World that has multiple uses - It is used for its fibers to make rope, fishnets, clothing, etc. - Because its importance as a source of fibers, it was widely planted in the U.S. midwest during World War II - It is also the source of a psychoactive drug, which has led to its possession and using being considered a criminal offense in the U.S. - In the 1960s and 1970s, court battles ranged that centered on the name for the plant, with both prosecution and defense enlisting the services of expert botanists. 1.What is the plant? 2.Why was there a dispute about its name? 3.What was the legal resolution of the issue about its name?

Quiz 1.A scientific name for an organism consists of how many words? In what language is it written? 2.What is polyploidy? How common is it in plants? Give an example of a crop species that is polyploid.

Plant Manipulation – the Raw Material Flowering Plants – ca 300,000 species

Plant Manipulation – the Raw Material Flowering Plants – ca 300,000 species Plants eaten regularly by people – ca 2,500 species

Plant Manipulation – the Raw Material Flowering Plants – ca 300,000 species Plants eaten regularly by people – ca 2,500 species Plants in World Commerce – ca 150 species

Plant Manipulation – the Raw Material Flowering Plants – ca 300,000 species Plants eaten regularly by people – ca 2,500 species Plants in World Commerce – ca 150 species Major Economic Importance – ca 20 species

Plant Manipulation – the Raw Material Flowering Plants – ca 300,000 species Plants eaten regularly by people – ca 2,500 species Plants in World Commerce – ca 150 species Major Economic Importance – ca 20 species Crops recently domesticated – 0 species

Plant Manipulation – the Raw Material Flowering Plants – ca 300,000 species Plants eaten regularly by people – ca 2,500 species Plants in World Commerce – ca 150 species Major Economic Importance – ca 20 species Crops recently domesticated – 0 species

Crops of Major Economic Importance

Wheat, Rice, Maize (Corn), and Potatoes – the Big 4

Traditional Methods of Plant Manipulation - Selection - Polyploidy - Asexual Reproduction (=cloning) - Inbreeding

Variation and Selection Keystone of Evolutionary Theory – “Selection of the Fittest” Natural Selection – wild populations

Variation and Selection Keystone of Evolutionary Theory – “Selection of the Fittest” Natural Selection – wild populations Artificial Selection – when done by people

Variation and Selection Keystone of Evolutionary Theory – “Selection of the Fittest” Natural Selection – wild populations Artificial Selection – when done by people Note: For selection to work, there must be variation, and it must be heritable - mutations (natural and induced)

Variation and Selection Keystone of Evolutionary Theory – “Selection of the Fittest” Natural Selection – wild populations Artificial Selection – when done by people Note: For selection to work, there must be variation, and it must be heritable - mutations (natural and induced) - geographic variation

Artificial Selection in Cole Crops

Polyploidy Eukaryotic organisms, typically 2 sets of chromosomes/nucleus = diploid

Polyploidy Eukaryotic organisms, typically 2 sets of chromosomes/nucleus = diploid Gametes – have one set of chromosomes/nucleus (result of meiosis) = haploid

Polyploidy Eukaryotic organisms, typically 2 sets of chromosomes/nucleus = diploid Gametes – have one set of chromosomes/nucleus (result of meiosis) = haploid Some plants – cells have >2 sets of chromosomes = polyploid triploid = 3 sets

Polyploidy Eukaryotic organisms, typically 2 sets of chromosomes/nucleus = diploid Gametes – have one set of chromosomes/nucleus (result of meiosis) = haploid Some plants – cells have >2 sets of chromosomes = polyploid triploid = 3 sets tetraploid = 4 sets

Polyploidy Eukaryotic organisms, typically 2 sets of chromosomes/nucleus = diploid Gametes – have one set of chromosomes/nucleus (result of meiosis) = haploid Some plants – cells have >2 sets of chromosomes = polyploid triploid = 3 sets tetraploid = 4 sets pentaploid = 5 sets hexaploid = 6 sets etc.

Polyploidy continued “Odd” polyploids (3x, 5x, 7x) – usually sterile - advantage for seedless fruit

Polyploidy continued “Odd” polyploids (3x, 5x, 7x) – usually sterile - advantage for seedless fruit “Even” polyploids (4x, 6x, 8x) – often fertile - organs can be larger, including fruits, seeds

Polyploidy continued “Odd” polyploids (3x, 5x, 7x) – usually sterile - advantage for seedless fruit “Even” polyploids (4x, 6x, 8x) – often fertile - organs can be larger, including fruits, seeds - heterosis fixed

Polyploidy continued “Odd” polyploids (3x, 5x, 7x) – usually sterile - advantage for seedless fruit “Even” polyploids (4x, 6x, 8x) – often fertile - organs can be larger, including fruits, seeds - heterosis fixed Many crop plants are polyploid – see text, Table 1.1 Coffee, Cotton, Potato, Strawberry, Sugar cane, Tobacco, Wheat

Polyploidy continued “Odd” polyploids (3x, 5x, 7x) – usually sterile - advantage for seedless fruit “Even” polyploids (4x, 6x, 8x) – often fertile - organs can be larger, including fruits, seeds - heterosis fixed Many crop plants are polyploid – see text, Table 1.1 Coffee, Cotton, Potato, Strawberry, Sugar cane, Tobacco, Wheat Even some crops that appear to be diploid are ancient polyploids: Corn, sunflower

Polyploidy continued “Odd” polyploids (3x, 5x, 7x) – usually sterile - advantage for seedless fruit “Even” polyploids (4x, 6x, 8x) – often fertile - organs can be larger, including fruits, seeds - heterosis fixed Many crop plants are polyploid – see text, Table 1.1 Coffee, Cotton, Potato, Strawberry, Sugar cane, Tobacco, Wheat Even some crops that appear to be diploid are ancient polyploids: Corn, sunflower “Whole Genome Duplication” - WGD

Hybrid sterility

Polyploidy can overcome hybrid sterility

Inbreeding Most Plants are Outcrossing – gametes from different individuals

Inbreeding Most Plants are Outcrossing – gametes from different individuals Some plants, particularly weeds and crop plants, are inbreeding - self-fertilization - self-compatibility

Inbreeding Most Plants are Outcrossing – gametes from different individuals Some plants, particularly weeds and crop plants, are inbreeding - self-fertilization - self-compatibility Forced Inbreeding: - increased homozygosity - inbreeding depression

Inbreeding Most Plants are Outcrossing – gametes from different individuals Some plants, particularly weeds and crop plants, are inbreeding - self-fertilization - self-compatibility Forced Inbreeding: - increased homozygosity - inbreeding depression Crossing between homozygous lines  Heterosis (hybrid vigor) - uniformity

Inbreeding Most Plants are Outcrossing – gametes from different individuals Some plants, particularly weeds and crop plants, are inbreeding - self-fertilization - self-compatibility Forced Inbreeding: - increased homozygosity - inbreeding depression Crossing between homozygous lines  Heterosis (hybrid vigor) - uniformity - need to produce new seed each year

Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction  new plants identical to parent (clones)

Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction  new plants identical to parent (clones) Applications of Asexual Reproduction: - vegetative propagation (cuttings, rhizome pieces etc.) - grafting

Naming of Plants Scientific Hierarchy of Classification (See Table 1.5, page 35) KingdomPhyta“plants” DivisionAnthophyta“flowering plants” ClassMagnoliopsida“dicots” OrderFabales“bean order” FamilyFabaceae“bean family” GenusPhaseolus*“beans” SpeciesP. vulgaris*“common bean” *Name written in Latin

Species Names – Binomial Nomenclature Prior to Linnaeus – use of Phrase Names

Species Names – Binomial Nomenclature Prior to Linnaeus – use of Phrase Names Linnaeus – each species called by genus name + species epithet = binomial

Species Names – Binomial Nomenclature Prior to Linnaeus – use of Phrase Names Linnaeus – each species called by genus name + species epithet = binomial Species – only category that is thought to be discrete, objective

Species Names – Binomial Nomenclature Prior to Linnaeus – use of Phrase Names Linnaeus – each species called by genus name + species epithet = binomial Species – only category that is thought to be discrete, objective Species name – consists of genus + species epithet, written in Latin

Principles of Botanical Names 1.Publication – name must be properly published according to rules of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

Principles of Botanical Names 1.Publication – name must be properly published according to rules of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 2.Type method – each name is associated with a physical plant specimen (= type specimen)

Principles of Botanical Names 1.Publication – name must be properly published according to rules of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 2.Type method – each name is associated with a physical plant specimen (= type specimen) 3.Priority – Oldest properly published name is correct one

Example – Rule of Priority leads to Change in Plant Name Wyethia trilobata

Example – Rule of Priority leads to Change in Plant Name Wyethia trilobata  Complaya trilobata Complaya – published in 1991

Example – Rule of Priority leads to Change in Plant Name Wyethia trilobata  Complaya trilobata  Thelechitonia trilobata Complaya – published in 1991 Thelechitonia – published in 1954

Example – Rule of Priority leads to Change in Plant Name Wyethia trilobata  Complaya trilobata  Thelechitonia trilobata  Sphagneticola trilobata Complaya – published in 1991 Thelechitonia – published in 1954 Sphagneticola – published in 1900

Chrysanthemum s.l. (ca 100 species) “Ox-eye Daisy” “Mums” Example – Change in Circumscription of Genus leads to changes in plant names

Chrysanthemum s.s. (3 species) Leucanthemum Dendranthemum Example – Change in Circumscription of Genus leads to changes in plant names

Categories within Species Variation also occurs within species, in some cases it is significant enough to be recognized by scientists: 1.Wild species – varieties or subspecies. Both names are written in Latin and follow similar rules as for species names Used to designate geographic races or morphologically distinct populations adapted to particular local ecological conditions

Cultivar Names 2.Variation within cultivated plants - “variety” – widely (and still) used - cultivar (cultivated variety) Used to denote an assemblage of cultivated plants that is clearly distinguished by some character(s) and that following reproduction retains its distinguishing character(s) Cultivar name is written in any language except for Latin Cultivar name can be combined with a generic, specific, or common name: Citrullus cv. Crimson Sweet; watermelon cv. Crimson Sweet; Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet

A Rose by Any Other Name …? Cannabis sativa and the law Most Botanists: Cannabis has 1 species, C. sativa

A Rose by Any Other Name …? Cannabis sativa and the law Most Botanists: Cannabis has 1 species, C. sativa Some botanists recognize 3 species: C. sativa (hemp, cultivated for rope) C. ruderalis (wild form, weed) C. indica (high THC-form)

A Rose by Any Other Name …? Cannabis sativa and the law Most Botanists: Cannabis has 1 species, C. sativa Some botanists recognize 3 species: C. sativa (hemp, cultivated for rope) C. ruderalis (wild form, weed) C. indica (high THC-form) Laws: originally proscribe marijuana (C. sativa)  argument that defendant not literally breaking law

A Rose by Any Other Name …? Cannabis sativa and the law Most Botanists: Cannabis has 1 species, C. sativa Some botanists recognize 3 species: C. sativa (hemp, cultivated for rope) C. ruderalis (wild form, weed) C. indica (high THC-form) Laws: originally proscribe marijuana (C. sativa)  argument that defendant not literally breaking law Eventual resolution: looked past botanical “semantics” – illegal regardless of what it is called by scientists

Tuesday Lecture – Origins of Agriculture Read: Chapter 2