1820-1860 North and South

The North’s Economy Essential Question: What innovations in industry, travel and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

Industrialization and Transportation Industry, travel and communications expanded greatly during the 1800s Due to mass production and the sewing machine, factories in the Northeast produced 2/3 of the nation’s manufactured goods Steamboats, roads and canals Locomotives and railway networks

Moving Goods and People Erie Canal - Goods could be shipped faster and more cheaply Railroads and canals led to settlement of the Midwest

Faster Communication Telegraph - Samuel Morse developed Morse code By 1852, there were 23,000 miles of telegraph lines in the United States

Agriculture Revolutionary inventions in the 1830s changed farming methods, and agriculture became more profitable John Deere – “wooden plow” cut through prairie sod Cyrus McCormick – “mechanical reaper” could harvest grain much faster than hand held sickles West and South focused on cash crops North had a flourishing industry

Making Connections Factors that led to the settlement of the Midwest Answer the Essential Question: What innovations in industry, travel and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

The North’s People Essential Question: How did immigration have an impact on cities, industry and cultures in the North?

Northern Factories As the factory system developed, working conditions worsened Long hours Dangerous conditions No heating or cooling systems Low wages

Workers Attempt to Organize 1830s – Trade Unions 1830s – (NYC) skilled workers staged a series of strikes to try to get higher wages and better hours Early 1800s – going on strike was illegal

African American Workers Racial prejudice and discrimination was widespread Often not allowed to vote Not allowed to attend public schools or facilities Segregated schools and hospitals

Women Workers Employers paid male workers more than women workers Men excluded women from unions and wanted them out of the workplace

The Rise of Cities Both natural born citizens and immigrants flocked to cities where most factories were located 1820-1840: Great Lakes and Midwestern towns along rivers developed into major cities Larger cities became even larger (NYC, Philadelphia)

Immigration Irish Potato Famine Germany Most Irish took low paying factory jobs or worked to build railroads Germany Brought languages, customs, religions and traditions with them which filtered into American culture

Immigrants Faced Prejudice 1830s and 1840s: anti-immigrant feelings rose Nativists: People opposed to immigration who believed that immigrants threatened the future of native born Americans were taking jobs from native born citizens brought crime and disease to America Know Nothing Party: anti-Catholic group who called for stronger citizenship laws

Making Connections Why did some Americans object to immigration? Answer the Essential Question: How did immigration how an impact on cities, industry and culture in the North?

Southern Cotton King Essential Question: How did the South’s industry and economy differ from the industry and economy of the North?

Rise of the Cotton Kingdom The economy of the South, unlike that in the North, remained largely agricultural Cotton Gin developed by Eli Whitney in 1793 Processed cotton fibers quickly Farmers wanted to grow more cotton to increase profits More laborers needed results in more slave labor

Industry in the South Industry developed slowly in the South Agriculture was extremely profitable Lack of capital or money to invest in business Market for manufactured goods was small due to smaller population Some Southern leaders wanted to develop industry so as to not rely so heavily on northern manufacturing

Southern Transportation Natural waterways used to transport goods Few canals Poor roads Few railroads that were not connected to each other

Making Connections Why did some Southerners feel that industrial growth would benefit the region? Answer the Essential Question: How did the South’s industry and economy differ from the industry and economy of the North?

The South’s People Essential Question: What characterized slave life in the South?

Farms and Plantations The South had far more small farms than large plantations Yeomen: largest group of whites in the South – small farms without enslaved workers Tenant Farmers Rural poor – avoided jobs done by enslaved people Plantations: large areas of land but usually had few enslaved workers Slaves would do some domestic work but usually worked as field hands

Life Under Slavery Worked hard for no money Feared separation from loved ones Close knit extended families were a vital feature of life Although many enslaved African Americans accepted Christianity, they often followed religious beliefs and practices of their African ancestors as well Spirituals

Slave Codes Laws in Southern states that controlled enslaved people Could not assemble in large groups Required to have written passes when leaving the slaveholder’s property Made it a crime to teach enslaved people to read or write Under these conditions, slaves are less likely to rebel

Resistance to Slavery Some enslaved African Americans rebelled openly against their owners (rare) Nat Turners Rebellion (1831): He and his followers killed at least 55 whites before being captured Frightened white Southerners Led to more severe slave codes Resistance helped enslaved workers to tolerate their lack of freedom Work slowly, break tools, pretend to be ill, etc.

Escaping Slavery Some enslaved African Americans tried to run away to the North Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglas Underground Railroad Network of “safe houses” owned by free blacks and whites who opposed slavery Most runaways were caught and returned to their owners and severe discipline

Answer the Essential Question What characterized slave life in the South? Give specific examples.