SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTION IN WRITTEN EXPRESSION: THE CHALLENGES OF LEARNING TO WRITE Robert W. Frantum-Allen PDU Dec 18, 2012 Session Three

Schedule  Feb 23- Spelling – 900 Grant  March 1- Spelling  March 22- Spelling  April 12- Grammar  April 19- Grammar  May 3- Composition  May 10- Composition  May 17- Composition  May 24- Final PDU review- Maybe Laura’s community rooms

Objectives  5 Principles for understanding English Spelling  We spell by language of origin  We spell by phoneme- grapheme correspondences

Spelling

George Bernard Shaw

Continuum of Predictability Ghost Bug Segue

5 principles for understanding English orthography Orthography We spell by language of origin. We spell by phoneme- grapheme correspondence. We spell position of phoneme or grapheme in a word. We spell by letter order and sequence patterns, or orthographic conventions. We spell by meaning (morphology) and part of speech.

We spell by language of origin.

Layers of English Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Eastern Europe Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Angelo Saxon influence in English  Dates back 20,000 years  Starts with words from tribes in Eastern Europe  Found in Germanic languages of German, Swedish, Dutch and English  One syllable and everyday objects, activities and events  Must have a vowel in each syllable  New words created using compound words Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Angelo Saxon influence in English  Uses vowel teams; digraphs; silent letters  irregular spellings mom, football, at, see, sky, moon, horse, finer, shoe, shirt, pants, sister, hate, touch, think, head, would, do Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Norman French Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Norman (French) influence in English  Words related to culture, fashion and food  Abstract social ideas and relationships  Ou for / ū/ as in soup; soft c and g when followed by e, i or y; special endings –ine, -ette, -elle, -ique beef, couture, rendezvous, amuse, rouge, coupon, novice, croquet, debut, mirage, justice Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Latin influence around the world Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Latin based languages Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Latin influence in English  Multi-syllable words organized around a root  Often found in literature, social studies and science  Typically found in upper elementary grades  Most roots contain short vowels  The schwa if most found in Latin words  Affixes Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Latin influence in English  Latin roots can form hundreds of thousands of words  Represent more abstract concepts excellent, direction, interrupt, firmament, terrestrial, solar, stellar, aquarium, locomotion, hostility, reject, deception Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

History of the Alphabet Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

History of the Alphabet Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t work for English English has 44 sounds but there are only 26 letters! Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

"...as every Letter ought to be, confin'd to one; the same is to be observ'd in all the Letters, Vowels and Consonants, that wherever they are met with, or in whatever Company, their Sound is always the same. It is also intended that there be no superfluous Letters used in Spelling, i.e. no Letter that is not sounded, and this Alphabet by Six new Letters provides that there be no distinct Sounds in the Language without Letters to express them". - Benjamin Franklin Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Franklin’s Alphabet Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Franklin’s Alphabet Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t’ work for English Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Greece Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon 10 th Century 16 th Century

Greek influence in English  Mostly found in science vocabulary  Some of the less common letter-sound graphemes such as rh (rhododendron), pt (pterodactyl), pn (pneumonia), ps (psychology)  constructed from combining forms (similar to compound words Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Greek influence in English  Learning a relatively few Greek roots allow you access to thousands of words (i.e. micro, scope, bio, graph) hypnosis, agnostic, neuropsychology, decathlon, catatonic, agoraphobia, chlorophyll, psysiognomy Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Identify the language of origin _____ hemisphere _____ inducement _____ groundhog _____ gnocchi _____ arms _____ kaput _____ dealt _____ stadium _____ etymology _____ suffix _____ knight _____ wanted G L AS O L- Latin/French; G- Greek; AS- Anglo Saxon; O-other AS O L G L Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

CH- sort these ch spellings; what is their language or origin chauffer chalk character machine chair chalet cheek chestnut chagrin cholesterol chateau chlorophyll lunch chaos chuck chase school chapstick chuck cache chemical chlorine Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Evolution of Spelling Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Great Vowel Shift (WHY?) The pronunciation of vowels changed but the spellings did not; this account for some of the most peculiar spellings in English Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

English is heavily influenced… “English is a system heavily influenced by its word origins in spite of many historical efforts to simplify and standardize. English continues to adult words from other languages, assimilation their spelling as well as their meanings.”  -Moats Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Where do these words come from? bungalow, dinghy pistol, polka, robot ammonia, ebony, ivory bard, golf, slogan, whisky amen, gauze, kosher husky, kayak, igloo judo, soy, tycoon cocoa, llama Bengali Czech Egyptian Scottish Hebrew Inuit Japanese Quechua Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

Instruction…  Storytelling Lesson – tell the story of the history of English  World map- find the locations on a map  Use the online etymology dictionary Greek Latin French Anglo-Saxon

We spell by phoneme/grapheme correspondence

Phoneme/Grapheme Grapheme Graph= write; -eme = unit of structure Written form of a sound Phoneme Phono= sound; -eme = unit of structure distinctive sounds

Phoneme/Grapheme Mapping

Phoneme/Grapheme Cards a / ă / at / ā/ ate /aw/ want

to be continued ….