13.1 Native American Cultures in Crisis OBJECTIVE: To understand conflicts that occurred during settlement of the Western frontier.

What forces were behind the conflicts that occurred during settlement of the Western frontier?

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS FACTORS/ EVENTS Examples US Govt. and Settlers Native Americans OUTCOME Westward Push/ Resistance Assimilation Ghost Dance

Broken Promises American Indians Pressured by encroaching settlers, loss of land, decline in game Broken treaties and corrupt govt. Indian Agents  armed struggle and conflict

GREAT PLAINS NATIVE AMERICANS Two cultures: Osage and Iowa = Farmers Sioux and Cheyenne = Nomadic Tribes HORSE  MOBILITY  DEPENDENCE ON BUFFALO  CONFLICT

http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/scans/uses.jpg

ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE  END OF AMERICAN INDIAN WAY OF LIFE 15 million buffalo reduced to 1,000 by 1885 Less Buffalo  Less food for American Indians Scarcity  Conflict among tribes and with Settlers Conflict Am. Indians put on Reservations

http://thewest.harpweek.com/

http://thewest.harpweek.com/

Map: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850-1900 Despite the laissez-faire ideology that argued against government interference in business, Congress heavily subsidized American railroads and gave them millions of acres of land. As illustrated in the box, belts of land were reserved on either side of a railroad's right of way. Until the railroad claimed the exact one-mile-square sections it chose to possess, all such sections within the belt remained closed to settlement. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

- Completion of Transcontinental Railroad http://thewest.harpweek.com/

Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for free IF 1. improve the land 2. pay $30 3. live there for 5 years OR 1. live there for 6 months 2. pay $1.25 an acre 500,000 families attempt homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed. Corrupt corporations made biggest use of act for land-grabs. Exodusters – Af. Americans leave south & settle in Kansas SIGNIFICANCE: Encouraged rapid migration and made land and farms possible for many Americans without wealth.

Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868 Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Indian “Pacification” US Govt. signs treaties with Native Americans  Led to Reservation System (= Boundaries) PROBLEM: Ignored reality of migration of tribes, buffalo and especially settlers BROKEN PROMISES: US did not respect terms of treaties, violated its own “boundaries” and failed to provide security and food to tribes.

Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890 Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

1868-1890 : period of Indian Wars 1864: Chivington’s militia massacre 400+ women and children at Sand Creek, CO 1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT (Fetterman) 1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s Bozeman Trail 1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills, SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Littl Big Horn 1877: Nez Perce lands appropriated for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease. Geronimo leads resistance of Apache in South West. NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

“Civilizing” the Indians 1887 Dawes Act  Forced Assimilation policies Reward good behavior with land and citizenship Ownership of land to “Americanize” Indians Another way of taking Indian Land for speculators 1879: Carlisle Indian School, - “Kill the Indian and Save the man” - separate children from tribes, educate in - English and white man’s ways

Map: The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906 Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ghost Dance http://php.indiana.edu/~tkavanag/visuale.html

1890: Battle of Wounded Knee GHOST DANCE: The whole world is coming, A nation is coming, a nation is coming, The eagle has brought the message to the tribe. The Father says so, the Father says so. Over the whole earth they are coming, The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming, The crow has brought the message to the tribe, The Father says so, the Father says so MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS FACTORS/ EVENTS Examples US Govt. and Settlers Native Americans OUTCOME Westward Push/ Resistance Assimilation Ghost Dance

Why do you think that the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed Why do you think that the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed? Support your opinion with information from the text.

Mining – pp. 394, 395 Railroads were the means to expand western settlement, mining provided the motive for many to move west. Migration happened in “boom” and “bust” cycles: 1849 –California 1858/59–Colorado 1859 –Nevada’s Comstock Lode NOTE: Women followed the men and earned the right to vote out West first: 1869–Wyoming, 1870–Utah, 1893-Colorado, 1896-Idaho

Map: Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890 The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850 At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.