(N. B. Written approximately 100 years after Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex)

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(N. B. Written approximately 100 years after Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex) Aristotle’s Poetics c. 335 BCE (N. B. Written approximately 100 years after Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex)

Imitation (Mimesis) --its origins --the psychology behind it --the objects of imitation (men in action) --the medium of imitation (rhythm, tune, meter) --the manner of imitation (narration, action)

Tragedy vs. Comedy Tragedy: represents men as better than they are. Is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament; in the form of action, not narration; which prompts an excess of pity and fear necessary to the proper purgation of these emotions. Comedy: represents men as worse than they are; an imitation of characters of a lower type; deals not with the bad but with the ludicrous, reflecting some defect or ugliness that is not painful or destructive.

The Six Elements of Tragedy Plot: the soul of the drama, the arrangement of the incidents, the action, to which all the other elements are subordinate Character: determines men’s qualities; that which reveals moral purpose. Four things to be aimed at: goodness, propriety, truthfulness to life, consistency. Thought: the faculty of saying what is possible and pertinent in given circumstances; every effect produced by speech Diction: the expression of the meaning in words; the art of delivery Song: holds the chief place among the embellishments Spectacle: has an emotional attraction for the audience, but is the least artistic of the parts, since it derives not from the poet but from the machinist

The Structure of the Plot Simple: the action is one and continuous with a change of fortune, but not reversal of the situation and without recognition Complex: a single, continuous action including -- Reversal of fortune (peripeteia): from good to bad -- Discovery (recognition): from ignorance to knowledge -- Scene of suffering (these 3 things involve surprise) -- Tragic irony: expectation vs. actual occurrence -- Unity: beginning, middle, end; logical, necessary sequence of each scene -- Probability -- Temporal limitation: “Single revolution of the sun”

The Structure of Tragedy Complication Unraveling or denouement Rising action, complication, climax (catastrophe), falling action, denouement

Concept of the Tragic Hero Noble, but possessed of a tragic flaw (hamartia) that is his undoing Hybris (Hubris)

What Happens to the Audience in Viewing a Tragedy Arousal of pity and fear Pity: evoked by undeserved misfortune Fear: that such misfortune can surely be visited on ordinary people if it can be visited on a person of superior birth and position Catharsis

The Quantitative Parts of Tragedy Prologue Episode Exode Choric song— Parode Stasimon