Tuesday, June 22, 2010 Perspectives on Perspective Taking

Suzanne Gird Robert D. Zettle Debra Renollet Blake Webster Britania Latronica

 McDaniel & Zettle (2006)  Analysis of relationship among: ◦ Experiential avoidance (AAQ-I; Hayes, et al., 2004 ) ◦ Happiness (OHQ; Hills & Argyle, 2002 ) ◦ Spirituality (SOI; Elkins, Hedstrom, Hughes, Leaf, & Saunders, 1988 )  Findings: ◦ AAQ and OHQ significantly correlated ◦ OHQ and SOI significantly correlated ◦ AAQ and SOI did not correlate

 SOI comprises nine subscales: ◦ Transcendent Dimension ◦ Meaning and Purpose ◦ Mission in Life ◦ Sacredness of Life ◦ Material Values ◦ Altruism ◦ Idealism ◦ Awareness of the Tragic ◦ Fruits of Spirituality

 Five items from “tragic” subscale ◦ Added items from other scales  13 item scale  Compared to DUREL (Koenig, Meador, & Parkerson, 1997)  Six item inventory ◦ Cronbach’s α =.69

 While one should not over do it or become morbid, I think it is good for us to be aware of pain, suffering, and death.  I am a better person today because of life experiences which at the time were very painful.  It seems pain and suffering are often necessary to make us examine and re-orient our lives.  Answers can be found when one truly searches for the meaning and purpose of one's life.  One can find meaning even in suffering, pain, and death.  As a result of life difficulties, I have developed a deep, positive belief in humanity.

 Does not correlate with social desirability  Analysis of relationship among: ◦ Spirituality ◦ Psychological flexibility (AAQ-II; Bond, et al.) ◦ Life satisfaction (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffen, 1985 )  Does spirituality contribute to life satisfaction independent of psychological flexibility?

Intro Students Nursing Students ElderlyParish Nurses Total Female Male Total (45) (659)

Sampler2r2 β AAQ-IIpβ Spiritp Aggregate < <.001 Intro Students < Nursing Students < Elderly < ns Parish Nurses <

 Good preliminary brief measure of spirituality ◦ Independent of religiosity ◦ Independent of social desirability ◦ Correlates with psychological flexibility  Predictor of life satisfaction over and above psychological flexibility

 Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Orcutt, H.K., Waltz, T. & Zettle, R.D. (2010). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance. Manuscript submitted for publication.  Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.  Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, (4),  Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54,  Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33,  Koenig, H. G., Meador, K.,& Parkerson, G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research: A 5-item measure for use in health outcome studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154,  McDaniel, E., & Zettle, R. D. (2006). The relationship among spirituality, happiness, and experiential avoidance. Unpublished manuscript, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS.