GEOG 122 Midterm (Essay part): Review Questions. 1. Geology: Describe and explain the origin, building materials and life cycle of the Hawaiian Islands.

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GEOG 122 Midterm (Essay part): Review Questions

1. Geology: Describe and explain the origin, building materials and life cycle of the Hawaiian Islands. What processes are responsible for the existence of the islands? What kind of materials make up the islands? How does the shape of an island change as it goes through its life cycle?

(1) Plate tectonics & Hotspot: Mechanism (p. 37) (2) Hawaiian lavas (p. 40): Basalt, few minerals, pahoehoe, a‘a, (3) Growth cycle (p. 37): Preshield, shield, hydro- explosion, postshield, erosion, rejuvenation, coral atoll, guyot, etc. & examples (3 pts)

Plate tectonics

Hot Spots

Hawaiian Hot Spot

Basalt Granite

1. Geology: Describe and explain the origin, building materials and life cycle of the Hawaiian Islands. What processes are responsible for the existence of the islands? What kind of materials make up the islands? How does the shape of an island change as it goes through its life cycle? 1) Plate tectonics & Hotspot: Mechanism (p. 37) (2) Hawaiian lavas (p. 40): Basalt, few minerals, pahoehoe, a‘a, (3) Growth cycle (p. 37): Preshield, shield, hydro- explosion, postshield, erosion, rejuvenation, coral atoll, guyot, etc. & examples (3 pts)

2. Climate: Describe and explain the mechanism behind trade winds and trade wind inversion. What is the Hadley Cell? How does the air move in the Hadley Cell? What is the trade wind inversion? What is the significance of the inversion for Hawaiian weather?

(1) Atmospheric circulation (p ): Global mechanism (2) Hadley Cell (p. 52): Trade winds (3) Trade wind inversion (p ): Describe (4) Trade wind inversion (p. 53): Importance (2 pts)

2. Climate: Describe and explain the mechanism behind trade winds and trade wind inversion. What is the Hadley Cell? How does the air move in the Hadley Cell? What is the trade wind inversion? What is the significance of the inversion for Hawaiian weather? (1) Atmospheric circulation (p ): Global mechanism (2) Hadley Cell (p. 52): Trade winds (3) Trade wind inversion (p ): Describe (4) Trade wind inversion (p. 53): Importance (2 pts)

3. Water: Compare and contrast the fresh water availability of the windward side and leeward side of the Island of O‘ahu. What is the source of fresh water? How is the fresh water stored in nature? How much is available? What is the implication of the current fresh water availability for our future development?

(1) Source (p. 59): Orographic rainfall (2) Ground water (p ): Basal lens, dike, spring (3) How much is available? (p ) (4) Our future (p ): Windward side vs Leeward side (2 pts)

Groundwater in Hawai‘i All domestic water on O‘ahu  Groundwater Basal lens: 1:40 ratio (Ghyben-Hertzberg relationship) High-level (Dike impounded) Perched  Spring (Tantalus)

US Water Budget

1 40 Sea level Fresh water

3. Water: Compare and contrast the fresh water availability of the windward side and leeward side of the Island of O‘ahu. What is the source of fresh water? How is the fresh water stored in nature? How much is available? What is the implication of the current fresh water availability for our future development? (1) Source (p. 59): Orographic rainfall (2) Ground water (p ): Basal lens, dike, spring (3) How much is available? (p ) (4) Our future (p ): Windward side vs Leeward side (2 pts)

4. Plants and animals: Compare and contrast the native Hawaiian ecosystems and the Hawaiian ecosystems today. Name the different kinds of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Which ecosystems are severely altered by human settlement of the Hawaiian Islands? Which are still remaining? What is the significance of these changes?

(1) Name the ecosystems Marine (p ): Marine pools, sandy beaches, rocky beaches, estuaries, fish ponds & harbors, mangroves, seagrasses, shallow benthic, fringing reefs, barrier reefs & lagoons, atolls, offshore deep reefs, offshore islands, neritic water, pelagic & deep ocean floor Terrestrial (p ): Coastal, lowland, montane, subalpine, alpine (2) Impacts from the human settlement (p ) (3) Remaining ecosystem (p ) (4) Significance of changes (p ) (2 pts)