Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Ms. Susan Chabot HAP

Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy: structure of body parts; also called morphology. Physiology: function of body parts; what they do and how they do it. Can we study anatomy without studying physiology? Can we study physiology without studying anatomy?

The “-ologies” Cyt-: Hist-: Cardi-: Toxic-: Dermat-: Embry-: Path-: Neonat-:

Levels of Organization

Characteristics of Life Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion Metabolism

Maintenance of Life NEEDS Water Foods Oxygen Heat Pressure *Qualities and quantities are very important. HOMEOSTASIS Keeping a constant internal environment. 1. Receptors gather info. 2. Control Center decides what to do. 3. Effectors create a response.

Example of a Feedback Mechanism Body Temperature control is an example of a Homeostatic Mechanism. A normal body temperature is 98.6* F or 37* C. When your temperature is too hot or too cold, your body responds to bring it within a normal range.

Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Reverses the original stimuli MOST normal body processes If its HIGH, it becomes LOW If its LOW, it becomes HIGH Positive Feedback Enhances the original stimuli USUALLY associated with disease or pain If its HIGH, it goes HIGHER. If its LOW, it goes LOWER

Organization of the Human Body Body Cavities: allows for separation of organs and organ systems

Organization of the Human Body Membranes: lines the internal body cavities to reduce friction and provide protection.

Organization of the Human Body Organ Systems: contain a set of interrelated organs that work together to provide a specialized function.

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Figure 1.3  Anatomical position – a common visual reference point  Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward  Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction  Regional terms – names of specific body areas  Axial region – the main axis of the body  Appendicular region – the limbs  Directional terminology  Refers to the body in anatomical position  Standardized terms of direction are paired terms

Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity subdivided into: Cranial cavity = brain. Vertebral cavity = encases the spinal cord

Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity Houses heart and lungs Abdominopelvic cavity Houses organs of digestion and reproduction

Body Cavities and Membranes

Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Other Body Cavities

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

Orientation and Directional Terms

Regional Terms

Body Planes and Sections Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically at the midline

Body Planes and Sections Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts

Abdominal Regions Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions

Abdominal Quadrants