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  8 th and 9 th centuries, all of Spain except tiny Christian kingdoms in the far north is controlled by Muslims  Reconquest – 500 year struggle to drive the Muslims out  Ferdinand and Isabella (1492) drove the last Muslims out from Granada Reconquest

  A New Spanish Ruler  In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its possessions.  Deeply religious  Philip II’s Empire  Philip seizes Portugal in 1580  Gold and Silver from Americas make Spain extremely wealthy A Powerful Spanish Empire

  Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe.  Spanish fleet helped defeat the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571  Spanish Armada defeated by British in 1588  Launched to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I Defender of Catholicism

  Philip II was typical of an absolute monarch because  Tried to control every aspect of his empire’s affairs  Trusted no one  Built an imposing palace  Raised taxes  Tried to force his subjects to accept his religion (Catholicism) Forceful Ruler

  Absolute Ruler – someone who holds all the power within the boundaries of a country or an empire. The Theory of Absolutism

  Absolutism was the political belief that one ruler should hold all the power within the boundaries of a country.  Absolute Monarchy complete and total control by the King… model of this control was Louis XIV from France  Divine Right the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth.

  Decline of Feudalism  Rise in cities  Growth of national kingdoms  Protestant Reformation  Belief in Divine Right  Theory of Absolutism How did European Monarchs gain absolute power?

  1572 – St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris  Nationwide slaughter of Huguenots  Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) – 1 st king of Bourbon dynasty in France  Edict of Nantes – declaration of religious tolerance France

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  After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of his time. The Reign of Louis XIV

  Louis XIV – the most powerful ruler in French history  Louis Weakens the Nobles’ Authority  Louis takes control in 1661  Appoints intendants – government agents – to collect taxes A New French Ruler

  Jean Baptiste Colbert – finance minister – helps economy grow.  How? Mercantilism  In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes ; Huguenots flee France – this robs France of skilled workers  Edict of Nantes – declaration of religious toleration. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) declared that the Huguenots (French Protestants) could live in peace and set up their own houses of worship. Economic Growth

  A Life of Luxury  Lives very well, every meal is a feast  Louis Controls the Nobility  Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his power over them  Builds magnificent palace at Versailles  Patronage of the Arts  Versailles is a center of arts during reign on Louis XIV  Purpose of the arts is to glorify Louis The Sun King’s Grand Style

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  Attempts to Expand France’s Boundaries  Louis fights war in the 1600s, 1670s to expand France  In 1680s, many countries unite against him in League of Augsburg (consisted of Austrian Hapsburg emperor, the kings of Sweden and Spain)  France is weakened by poor harvests, warfare, high taxes  War of the Spanish Succession  War of the Spanish Succession begins in 1701  Attempts to prevent union of the French and Spanish thrones  Ends in 1714; France and Spain lose some possessions  Great Britain is big winner. From Spain, Britain took Gibraltor, controlled entrance to Mediterranean. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

  Destructive war that had three phases  1) It was an internal challenge to Hapsburg Catholic rule by Bohemian Protestants  2) From 1622 it was an all-German civil war between Lutherans and Calvinists and the imperial Catholic forces  3) From about 1635 it was an international conflict in which religious affiliation played only a minor role. The Thirty Years’ War ( )

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  1555, Peace of Augsburg  Divided Germany into Catholic and Lutheran parcels  Made no allowances for the growing number of Calvinists or other Protestants  This becomes a problem… Beginning of Thirty Years’ War

  1618 – Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor closed Protestant churches in Czech kingdom of Bohemia – Protestants revolt!  1622 – German civil war  Lutherans and Calvinists vs. Catholic forces  1635 – International conflict  France, Holland, Sweden, and German Protestant states vs. Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Destructive War

  First modern state treaty (importance of sovereign state rather than dynasty or religion)  Introduces the idea of negotiating terms of peace  Big Winners : France and Sweden  Losers : Spain and Austrian based Hapsburgs  Results :  Europe is carved up, now recognized as a group of independent states  Germany is made up of 360 small kingdoms (some Protestant and some Catholic)  German princes now independent of Holy Roman Emperor Treaty of Westphalia

 Central European Monarchs Clash

  After 30 Years War  360 German states divided  ½ Catholic – ½ Protestant States Form in Central Europe

  Hapsburgs of Austria  Based in Vienna; ruled Austria, Bohemia (present-day Czech Republic), and Hungary  Problem – 10 different nationalities  Maria Theresa ( )  Dictator  Rules with liberal ideas  Abolished death penalty  Everyone went to school Prussia vs. Austria

  Prussia and the Hohenzollern Dynasty  “An army with a country”  Frederick II, Frederick the Great ( )  Greatest Monarch in Prussian History  Abolished death penalty  School mandatory  Grew military – Europe’s best army  Called himself king – became absolute  Monarch  Frederick the Great – buys loyalty Prussia vs. Austria

 War of Austrian Succession

  Fought over Austrian land of Silesia (Frederick starts the war)  Austria and Great Britain vs. France and Prussia  Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia  Result: Prussia gain Silesia from Austria and becomes a major power. War of Austrian Succession

  Allies switch sides  Austria ( Maria Theresa ), France, and Russia  VS.  Great Britain and Prussia ( Frederick the Great )  Begins with Frederick attacking Saxony, Austrian ally  Fought in Europe, India and North America  NA – France loses Canada to Britain  Did not change territorial situation in Europe. The Seven Years’ War also, French and Indian War

  The First Czar  Ivan the Terrible  In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia  Struggles for power with boyars – landowning nobles  Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning “Caesar  Rule by Terror  In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them, seizes lands  Rise of the Romanovs  Ivan’s heir is weak, leading to period of turmoil  In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar Absolute Rulers of Russia

  The Rise of Peter  Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia  Russia Contrasts with Europe  Cut off geographically from Europe  Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe  Religious differences widen gap  Peter Visits the West  In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn European ways Peter the Great

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  Peter’s Goal  Goal of westernization – using western Europe as model for change  Peter’s Reforms  Brings Orthodox Church under state control  Reduces power of great landowners  Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers Peter Rules Absolutely

  Introduces potatoes  Starts Russia first newspaper  Raises women’s status  Adopts Western fashion  Advances education Westernizing Russia

  Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to West easier  Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea  In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg  Building city takes many years, many serfs die in process  By the time of Peter’s death, Russia is a force to be reckoned with in Europe Establishing St. Petersburg

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  Timeline of Monarchs  James I of Scotland  Charles I (James’s son)  Oliver Cromwell (military dictator)  Charles II (Charles I’s son) – return of monarchy  James II (Charles’s Catholic brother)  William and Mary (Protestants) The English Monarchy

  James’s Problems  James I of Scotland becomes king of England in 1603  Struggles with Parliament over money, Church reform  Charles I Fights Parliament  James’s son, Charles I, becomes king in 1625  Also fights with Parliament over money  Parliament forces him to sign Petition of Right in 1628  Petition limits Charles’s power, but he ignores it Monarchs Defy Parliament

  War Topples a King  In 1641, Parliament passes laws to limit king’s power  Result is English Civil War ( ) between Puritans, king  In 1644, Oliver Cromwell becomes general on Puritan side  After Puritans win, Charles faces trial and execution in 1649 English Civil War

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  Cromwell’s Rule  In 1649, Cromwell abolishes monarchy, House of Lords  Becomes military dictator  Suppresses rebellion in Ireland  Puritan Morality  Puritans abolish activities they find sinful English Civil War

  Cromwell’s End  After Cromwell dies in 1658, government collapses  Next year, Parliament asks son of Charles I to rule  Charles II Reigns  Restoration – return of monarchy under Charles II  Habeas corpus – law requiring king to charge prisoner with crime  James II and the Glorious Revolution  Charles’s Catholic brother James becomes king in 1685  Glorious Revolution – bloodless overthrow of James in 1688 Restoration and Revolution

  A New Type of Monarchy  Protestants William and Mary become rulers of England  Agree to constitutional monarchy – legal limits on royal power  Bill of Rights  In 1680, Parliament drafts Bill of Rights  Sets limits on royal power  Cabinet System Develops  In 1700s, cabinet, a group of government ministers, develops  Ministers link majority party in Parliament with monarch Limits on Monarch’s Power