Transformations in Europe 1500-1750 Chapter 16

Culture and Ideas LEQ Vocabulary How did the interplay of traditional beliefs and revolutionary ideas influence the cultural history of early modern Europe? Vocabulary Papacy Indulgences Reformation

Early Reformation Protests against the Catholic Church Martin Luther = Protestant Religion 95 Thesis John Calvin = Calvinism Counter Reformation

Scientific Revolution Use science to reinforce religion Church leaders viewed new ideas as challenges to religious teachings Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galilei, Descartes, Boyle, Newton

Early Enlightenment New scientific ideas + Religious conflict between Catholics & Protestant = calls for social changes Political leaders looked to gain power Questioned the authority, wealth, power of church

Social & Economic Life LEQ Vocabulary What factors contributed to the wealth of some Europeans and the great poverty of others from 1500-1750? Vocabulary Bourgeoisie Gentry

Bourgeoisie Urban wealth came largely from foreign trade Wealthy commoners dominated economy Transatlantic trade increased a nations wealth Netherlands Amsterdam Exchange Dutch East & West India Companies

Peasants & Laborers Warfare, environmental degradation, and economic contractions Little Ice Age Coal Production Pervasive poverty Led to Rebellion *Prices of wheat expressed in Dutch guilders per 100 kg. in various countries vs. time.

Women & Family Status tied to husband Choose spouse or arranged marriage? Delayed marriage

Political Innovations LEQ How did differing policies in the areas of religion, foreign relations, and economics determine the very different experiences of early modern European states? Vocabulary Holy Roman Empire English Civil War

Development of States Western Europe monarchs helped develop national identities Habsburg’s Ottoman Empire German Unification Spanish Expansion

Warfare Thirty-Years War Depopulation and economic decline Size of Army v. Navy Formation of alliances National debt, taxation

Horrible Histories - English Monarchs

England & France 1642 – English Civil War King Louis XIV King executed Led to religious conflict Glorious Revolution English Bill or Rights King Louis XIV Worked with nobility and civil authority Absolute Monarch