 Congress of Vienna  Early nineteenth century nationalists opposed Congress of Vienna  Did not allow for individual representation of ethnic groups  Upheld monarchies and dynasties in its redistribution

 Liberal (defined by Conservatives)- anyone or anything that challenged their own political, social, or religious values  19th century liberals influenced by Enlightenment writers and French Revolution:  Desired: ◦ Legal Equality ◦ Religious toleration ◦ Freedom of Speech ◦ Economic Freedom (Adam Smith- Lassiez Faire)

 19 th Century Conservatism- dominated by monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches  These groups united over resistance to change  Slow progress of nationalism and liberalism  Austrian Prince Metternich (embodied conservatism) believed that recognizing minority rights would destroy his empire  Frederick II of Prussia- reneged on his pledge to create constitutional government and resisted aspirations by German nationalists to dissolve conservative order  Students in Southern Germany React- Form student groups called Burschenschaften to address goal of unified Germany

 Lord Liverpool focused on issued of elite and landowners instead of common citizen (this made them angry)  Coercion Act of March suspended the rights of habeas corpus and discouraged free speech.  Peterloo Massacre (1819)- Liberal crowd gathers in Manchester Saint Peter’s Fields. Militia moved in and crowd panics. 11 people die and several are injured  Six Acts- Designed at intimating agitators and limiting their free speech

 Bourbon Restoration brought Louis XVIII to throne after Napoleon’s abdication.  Issues a constitution known as the Charter that gave monarch greater control over government leaders.  Maintained the Declaration of Rights and Man Citizen  Did not challenge property rights of land confiscated by the Aristocracy and Church  Louis XVIII moderate charter angers royalists (conservatives) who carry out attacks on Napoleon's allies  1820 Duke of Berri is assassinated. Royalists persecute liberal  Louis XVIII responds with more repressive measures that gave royalists and conservatives greater power

 Concert of Europe- informal meetings with European powers after Congress of Vienna  Concert begins failing with Spanish Ferdinand VII of Spain violates his promise to govern according to constitution

 1820s- Revolution occurs in Naples and begins to spread across Italy  Worries Metternich (Austria) threatens to spread to Austria  Metternich sought help to suppress movement from other powers  Protocol of Troppau- Russia, Prussia, (unofficially from France and Britain)- agreement that stable governments could intervene in countries experiencing a Revolution to restore order  All interventions that occurred through the congress system sought to maintain the international order achieved after Congress Vienna

 Greek Revolution of 1821  1830 Fight for Serbian independence ◦ Demonstrated the growing issues of nationalism and liberalism  Wars for Independence: Latin American countries cut ties with European powers ◦ Venezuela, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina

 Russian officers who fought Napoleon were exposed to ideas of Enlightenment grew sympathetic to reformists movements  Two Secret Societies were Formed: Northern and Southern Society  Societies unite to carry out coup d'état in 1826  Decembrist Revolt- Russian army swear allegiance to new Tsar Nicholas, Moscow regiment refused. Nicolas had artillery attack them  Symbolized to Russian liberals the oppressive conditions of life under tsars  Nicolas conservative authority when Poland nationalists agitated for change

 In 1830 Charles X was new King  Favored aristocrats and ultra-loyalists  Restored rule of primogeniture, supported the Catholic Church, and gave special rights to the descendants of émigrés  Liberals gained enough seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1827 to override some of Charles’s new Laws  Elections of 1830 Charles attempted to seize power from Liberals  July Monarchy- Parisians responded by staging massive protests  Charles X turned troops against them  Charles X fails and departs in August for exile  Louis Philippe’s becomes king of France and focuses on his new role