Identify key events and individuals that turned the tide of war Understand the long-term consequences of Union victory

Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863). Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Burnside replaces McClellan as Union commander after Antietam, is destroyed at Fredericksburg, loosing 10,000.  Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at Chancellorsville, replaced by Gen. Meade (for Union).  South looses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his own men.

Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863). Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863  Total casualties: 30%  Union losses, killed and wounded = 23,000  Confederate losses, killed and wounded = 28,000  Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails  Marks furthest northern advance of Confederacy  Ends discussion in Europe about helping South  Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865

 Southern troops, many barefoot, hear that there is a supply of shoes at Gettysburg.  Union Gen. Buford recognizes that Gettysburg has excellent roads and hills to use to fight Lee.  Buford’s small force of dismounted cavalry holds on long enough for reinforcements to arrive.  Stage is set: 90,000 Union troops will face 75,000 Southern troops the next day.

 July 1, 1863  Union Calvary, John Buford  Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill  Buford saw how good the land was.  All roads converge  Confederates had man advantage, Union positional advantage  Lee saw the importance of the high ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1 st day  General Meade

 Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture Cemetery Ridge.  Heavy fighting occurs in the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield (now natl. landmarks).  Rebel troops try to capture Little Round Top to position artillery on it.  Colonel Chamberlain and men of Maine hold hill and repulse attack with bayonet charge.  Day is saved for Union. Lines hold.

 July 2, 1863  Reinforcements  Union (90,000)  Confederate (75,000)  Union held the high ground  “Fish hook”  Longstreet is ordered to attack Cemetery Ridge  Misgivings  4:00 pm attack across Wheat field and Peach orchard  Union send reinforcements to the center  Little Round Top  Confederate move to flank the Union  20 th Maine

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Lee tries to break center of Union line at a point called “the angle.” Lee concentrates artillery fire on Union lines on the ridge.  Gen. Pickett’s men charge Union lines, covering a mile of open ground and running up ridge.  Union artillery and infantry fire destroy Pickett’s division. Every officer killed or wounded.  Lee withdraws. Meade does not counter- attack.  Another lost opportunity?

 July 3, 1863  Lee was optimistic going into day 3  Weakened the Union position  Artillery assault on middle of the line  Cemetery Ridge  2 hours  Lee ordered assault on the middle of the line  Pickett’s Charge  Open field  Union guns had remained silent  Poor decision?  Confederates prepared for a counterattack  Meade never ordered

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863 (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity.  Lincoln speaks for two minutes  Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks for two hours.  Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

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First ironclad gunboat built in America. The Saint Louis, ca ARC Identifier / Local Identifier 165-C-630 Item from Record Group 165: Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs,

The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Strategic town on Mississippi, high bluffs and big bend in river  Grant’s initial assaults fail – uses siege  Shells the city, soldiers and civilians each day  Citizens move into caves and eat horses, rats  Grant’s siege of Vicksburg succeeds on July 4, one day after Gettysburg  Confederacy is cut in half  Union controls Mississippi & and border states

The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander in Mississippi. Sherman begins “total war” on South  Targets homes, railways, crops, towns  Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta Sept  After destroying GA, went into SC GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front. Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight. WAS IT A SUCCESS? It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.

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Sherman's March to the Sea Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 March 1864, Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant  Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men  “blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000 killed) and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes)  Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!!  Called a “butcher.” From May 4 to June 18 he loses 65,000 to Lee’s 35,000.  Lee cannot sustain his losses, Grant can.

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.