Chancellorsville Leadership Staff Ride Lieutenant Colonel David Major USA (Ret) 13 June 2013

Agenda PurposePurpose BackgroundBackground Leadership IssuesLeadership Issues Strategic OverviewStrategic Overview Chancellorsville campaignChancellorsville campaign Route for Thursday’s rideRoute for Thursday’s ride

Why a Staff Ride? Expose dynamics of battle Timeless human dimension (face of battle) Applications of the principles of war. Study the operational art. Logistics operations. Analytical & systematic study of battles. Study military profession via history. Provide case studies in leadership.

Leadership Principles Know yourself and seek self-improvement. Be technically and tactically proficient. Develop a sense of responsibility among your subordinates. Make sound and timely decisions. Set the example. Know your subordinates and look out for their welfare. Keep your subordinates informed. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions. Ensure assigned tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished. Train your subordinates as a team. Employ your command in accordance with its capabilities.

Dependability Bearing CourageEndurance EnthusiasmIntegrity JusticeTact UnselfishnessLoyalty Decisiveness Ability to make decisions promptly and to announce them in clear, forceful manner. Initiative Taking action in the absence of orders. Judgment The ability to weigh facts and possible solutions on which to base sound decisions. Knowledge Understanding of a science or an art. The range of one's information, including professional knowledge. Leadership Traits

5/14/2015UNCLASSIFIED6 OPERATIONAL ART is the application of creative imagination by commanders and staffs…to design strategies, campaigns, and major operations and organize and employ military forces. Operational art integrates ends, ways and means across the levels of war. It is the thought process commanders use to visualize Operational Art. Promotes Unified Action by facilitating the actions of other agencies and multinational partners. JP 3-0 RFC, Ch IV (23 Dec 2005) Operational Art JP 3-0

5/14/2015UNCLASSIFIED7 The Operational Challenge Operational Art – Campaign Planning Considerations JP (25 Jan 2002)  What military and related political and social conditions (objectives) must be produced in the operational area to achieve the desired strategic end state? (ENDS)  What sequence or combination of actions is most likely to create those conditions?... that when achieved attain the strategic end state. (WAYS)  What joint force capabilities and resources are required to accomplish those actions? (MEANS)  What is the COST or RISK to the joint force in performing those particular actions?

5/14/2015UNCLASSIFIED8 If the mind is to emerge unscathed from this relentless struggle with the unforeseen, two qualities are indispensable: first, an intellect that, even in the darkest hour, retains some glimmering of inner light which leads to truth; and second, the courage to follow this faint light wherever it may lead. The first of these qualities is described by the French term, Coup d’oeil; the second is determination. —Carl von Clausewitz Carl Von Clausewitz; On War Manage the variables of war provides battlefield vision Operational Art Coup d’oeil

Mission Variables Defeat Mechanisms Stability Mechanisms

Defeat/Stability Mechanisms

Heuristic interaction between planning, execution, adaptation and action (OODA+Adapt) Reduction of Apparent Complexity Objectives selected for both physical and cognitive advantage to achieve disproportionate result Identify and exploit operational anomalies Guile and Cunning are integral to all planning and execution, not just deception plans. Compel the enemy to be complicit in his on demise. What we try to Gain

“Butterfield, look into my footlocker and get my Coup d’oeil! ASAP!

This is YOUR Brain

This is YOUR Brain after a year of CSC

This is YOUR Brain

American Civil War Initial Secession 20 Dec 1860 – 23 Feb 1861 Final Secession 17 April – 8 June 1861 Border States

Army Organization  Infantry  Artillery  Cavalry  Engineers  Medical corps  Signal corps  Quartermaster  Commissary Army XXXX Corps XXX Div XX Regt III Co I Bde X (100) (1000+) < ,000 60,000+ (100) (1000+) < , ,000+

Knoxville Butler Buell Bragg Rosecrans Lee Burnside Fredericksburg (13 Dec 1862) Stones River (31 Dec 1862) Grant Pemberton Vicksburg (Nov 1862-)

USA of 114,000 CSA of 72,500 Fredericksburg Casualties

Operational Setting The Army of the Potomac Morale at rock bottomMorale at rock bottom Hooker takes command and introduces reforms:Hooker takes command and introduces reforms: Logistics/Life supportLogistics/Life support Intelligence CapabilitiesIntelligence Capabilities Cavalry OrganizationCavalry Organization Artillery OrganizationArtillery Organization Span of ControlSpan of Control

The Old Organization Burnside AoP Franklin Left Grand Division Hooker Center Grand Division Sumner Right Grand Division Reynolds I Corps Smith IV Corps Stoneman III Corps Butterfield V Corps Couch II Corps Wilcox IX Corps

Army of the Potomac April 1863 Cavalry Corps MajGen Stoneman II Corps MajGen Couch III Corps MajGen Sickles V Corps MajGen Meade VI Corps MajGen Sedgwick XI Corps MajGen Howard XII Corps MajGen Slocum XXX I Corps MajGen Reynolds XXX XXXX Army of the Potomac MajGen Hooker BG Wadsworth BG Robinson MG Doubleday MG Hancock BG Gibbon MG French BG Birney MG Berry BG Whipple BG Griffin MG Sykes BG Humphreys BG Brooks BG Howe MG Newton BG Devens BG v Steinwehr MG Schurz BG Williams BG Geary BG Pleasonton BG Averell BG Gregg approx 134k troops

Lee Army of Northern VA Hooker Army of the Potomac AOP ANV American Civil War Hooker’s Plan “Plan B”

Plan Pros and Cons Good Avoids FredericksburgAvoids Fredericksburg Good use of terrain in early stagesGood use of terrain in early stages Potential good use of cavalryPotential good use of cavalry Utilizes short timers before their departureUtilizes short timers before their departureBad Lee must be an obliging enemyLee must be an obliging enemy Many moving partsMany moving parts Hooker’s intent not well conveyedHooker’s intent not well conveyed

Lee Hooker Longstreet Stuart Spring 1863

Army of Northern Virginia April 1863 XXX XX Rodes’ Division Colston’s Division Hill’s Light Division XX Second Corps Jackson Early’s Division Hood’s Division Pickett’s Division McLaw’s Division Anderson’s Division XXX First Corps Longstreet Detached; Foraging In Suffolk XX XXXX Stuart’s CavDiv approx 61k troops XXX Army of Northern Virginia LtGen Robert E Lee

Stafford C.H. Hartwood Church C Lee Army of Northern VA Hooker Army of the Potomac VI M IIIV XI II I XII H E R A American Civil War Chancellorsville Turning Movement April 27, 1863 April 28, 1863 April 29, 1863 April 27, 1863

Stafford C.H. Hartwood Church C Lee Army of Northern VA Hooker Army of the Potomac VI M III V XI II I XII H E R A American Civil War Chancellorsville Turning Movement April 27, 1863 April 28, 1863 April 29, 1863 April 28-29, 1863

Stafford C.H. Hartwood Church C Lee Army of Northern VA Hooker Army of the Potomac VI M III V XI II I XII H E R A American Civil War Chancellorsville Turning Movement April 27, 1863 April 28, 1863 April 29, 1863 April 30, 1863

Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Jackson – II Corp A.P. Hill Rodes Colston Early Stuart-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII E VI XII I II American Civil War Chancellorsville May 1, am XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) V AR M H C G XI III

Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Jackson – II Corp A.P. Hill Rodes Colston Early Stuart-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII E VI III I II American Civil War Chancellorsville May 1, XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) V A R M H C G XII XI

Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Jackson – II Corp A.P. Hill Rodes Colston Early Stuart-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII E VI R H C American Civil War Chancellorsville May 1, 1863 XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) II XII V May 2, M A XI III I G

Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Jackson – II Corp A.P. Hill Rodes Colston Early Stuart-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII E VI American Civil War Chancellorsville May 1, 1863 XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) II XII V May 2, 1863 ~1800 M R C H A XI III I G

Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Jackson – II Corp A.P. Hill Rodes Colston Early Stuart-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII E VI American Civil War Chancellorsville May 1, 1863 XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) II XII V May 2, M H C R A XI III I G

American Civil War Chancellorsville May 2, 1863 XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) May 3, 1863 Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Stuart – II Corp Heth Rodes Colston Early F. Lee - Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII VI II XII V XI M A III V I G VI XI E May 4, 1863 May 3, 1863 AM

American Civil War Chancellorsville May 2, 1863 XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) May 3, 1863 Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Stuart – II Corp Rodes Colston Heth Early F. Lee-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII II XII III V I G E XI R C H A VI M May 4, 1863 May 3,

American Civil War Chancellorsville May 2, 1863 XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) May 3, 1863 Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Stuart – II Corp A.P. Hill Rodes Colston Heth F. Lee-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII II XII III V I G XI VI M A E May 4, 1863 S

American Civil War Chancellorsville May 2, 1863 XI H Union Corps Confederate Division (Jackson’s Corps) May 3, 1863 Lee Army of Northern VA Anderson (I) McLaws(I) Stuart – II Corp A.P. Hill Rodes Colston Heth F. Lee-Cavalry Hooker Army of the Potomac Reynolds I Couch II Sickles III Meade V Sedgwick VI Howard XI Slocum XII II XII III V I G XI VI M A E May 4, 1863 May 5-6, 1863 S

Army of the Potomac April 1863 Army of the Potomac MajGen Hooker Cavalry Corps MajGen Stoneman II Corps MajGen Couch III Corps MajGen Sickles V Corps MajGen Meade VI Corps MajGen Sedgwick XI Corps MajGen Howard XII Corps MajGen Slocum XXX I Corps MajGen Reynolds XXX XXXX BG Wadsworth BG Robinson MG Doubleday MG Hancock BG Gibbon MG French BG Birney MG Berry BG Whipple BG Griffin MG Sykes BG Humphreys BG Brooks BG Howe MG Newton BG Devens BG v Steinwehr MG Schurz BG Williams BG Geary BG Pleasonton BG Averell BG Gregg approx 134k troops

XX Army of Northern Virginia LtGen Robert E Lee First Corps Longstreet Second Corps Jackson Hood’s Division Pickett’s Division McLaw’s Division Early’s Division Anderson’s Division Rodes’ Division Colston’s Division Hill’s Light Division XXX XX Army of Northern Virginia After Chancellorsville XXXX Stuart’s CavDiv approx 61k troops Detached; Foraging In Suffolk

The ANV After Chancellorsville Army of NoVA LtGen R E Lee XXXX First Corps Longstreet Third Corps Hill Stuart’s Cavalry Div Second Corps Ewell XXX XX