Renewable Energy Integration Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder
Agenda Current and future sources of energy What’s best? Distributed Generation
World primary energy consumption BP website (BP.com)BP.com
World Energy Consumption to
Energy Forecasts by Sector
Primary energy consumed per capita BP website (BP.com)BP.com
World Primary Energy per Capita
Oil & Gas Production Forecasts Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Global Fossil Carbon Emissions Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
Fossil Fuels BP website (BP.com)BP.com
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Tar Sands
Oil Shale
Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution Create carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) when burned Implicated in global warming Nitrous oxides (NO x ) – smog Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) – acid rain Measurable amounts of radioactive material Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant
Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant CategoryPower Plant100W Light Bulb Power500 MW100 W Energy / year3.5 billion kWh876 kWh Coal / year1.43 million tons714 lbs Sulfur Dioxide / year10,000 Tons5 pounds Nitrogen Oxides / year10,200 Tons5.1 pounds Carbon Dioxide / year3,700,000 Tons1,852 pounds
CO 2 Mitigation Options
Carbon Sequestration Options
Ocean Sequestration
Polk Power Station – Tampa
FutureGen
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy Consumption
US Production Cost Comparison
Spent Fuel Cooling Pool
Yucca Mountain Cross Section
Transportation Concerns
Anti-Nuclear Ad
Hydropower
Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams
Wind Energy
US Wind Energy Capacity
MW 350’ kW 265’ MW 600’ Recent Capacity Enhancements
38 cents/kWh Costs Nosedive Wind’s Success cents/kWh Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit
Solar Energy Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales
Large Scale Solar
Small Scale Solar
Solar Cell Production Volume Sharp Corporation
PV Cell Efficiencies
Solar Thermal Energy
Oceanic Energy
Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines) Direct drive to generator No gearboxes Gravity base Versus a bored foundation Fixed pitch turbine blades Improved reliability But trades off efficiency
Cross Section of a Tidal Barrage
Tapered Channel (Tapchan)
LIMPET Oscillating Water Column Completed 2000 Scottish Isles Two counter-rotating Wells turbines Two generators 500 kW max power Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
“Mighty Whale” Design – Japan
Ocean Wave Conversion System
World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW) Source Tides Waves Currents OTEC 1 Salinity World electric 2 World hydro Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2, , ,000 1,000,000 4,000 Practical (est) 20 GW NPA 4 2, Temperature gradients 2 As of Along coastlines 4 Not presently available Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
Geothermal Energy Plant Geothermal energy plant in Iceland
Geothermal Site Schematic Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, 2004
Methods of Heat Extraction
Global Geothermal Sites
Bioenergy Cycle
Types of Biomass
Municipal Solid Waste
Landfill Gasses Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Hydrogen Economy Schematic
Electrolysis of Water (H 2 O)
Hydrogen Economy
Transporting Hydrogen
UNIDO-ICHET Projection UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
What to do? What’s best?
Distributed Generation
Centralized vs. Distributed Generation
US Net Energy Flows
Power Generation Efficiency
Central Power Generation (today) Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants Waste Heat (Nuclear) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg) Nuclear Plants Waste Disposal Hydroelectric Plants Flooding Unreliable ( ) 110 Grid Failures Cost $ B./Yr Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill
Current Power Industry - Opinion Monopolies Regulated No competition Ossified Expensive Inefficient Unreliable Unfriendly “Time has come for an energy revolution”
Distributed Generation Located next to user Range of energy sources Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear Capacity kw –Mw Economic benefits “Waste” heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced Grid costs – peak/capital Lower electric bills Flexibility of location Cogeneration Combined heat & power (CHP) Micropower
Opinions Regarding DG DG Can Play a Key Role Where reliability is crucial- emergency capacity Alternative to local network expansion Opinions “Has potential to fundamentally alter structure and organization of our electric power system” (IEA) “Micropower passes nuclear as technology of choice for new plants globally. We really could be seeing the revival of Edison’s dream” (VVV) “The era of monopolization, centralization and other regulation has started to give way to market forces in electricity” (VVV) United States today 931 DG Plants Deliver 72,800 MW 8.1% Of total US Power
Sources of DG Solar – photovoltaic and thermal Wind Turbines Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) Geothermal Oceanic Nuclear Fossil Fuels Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
CG vs. DG Today CGDG Waste Energy %6710 Delivered Electricity %3390 Total Costs ($) Generation T & D Total CO 2 X0.5X Oil Equivalent (BB)Y-122 Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $)Z
CG vs. DG in 2020 CGDG Capital$B Total Power Cost$B14555 Unit Power Cost ¢/kWh Emissions CO 2 X0.5X NO x A0.4A SO 2 B0.1B
Enabling DG Technologies
Microturbines Low to moderate initial capital cost Fuel flexibility, burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene) Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP Extremely low air emissions NOx, CO, and SOx Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60- kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.
Microturbine Systems
Micro-Hydro
Porker Power – Lamar Colorado Video
Distributed Generation Summary
Advantages of DG Local positioning avoids transmission and distribution losses Generation adjacent to loads allows convenient use of heat energy Combined heat and power (CHP) Local positioning enables available sources of energy to be used, Waste products or renewable resources may be easily utilized to supplement fossil fuels Local positioning allows the use of available single or three phase generation
Disadvantages of DG Disadvantages Conventional distribution systems need adequate protection in order to accommodate exchange of power Signaling for dispatch of resources becomes extremely complicated Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish Issues with DG The use of “Net Power” in certain areas of the US Power companies must by power from distributors a market rates IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systems Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple sources System protection under two way exchange of power
Extra Slides
Ramgen Fossil Fuel Generator