Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia SZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geological history of Earth. Mammals evolved from synapsid reptiles

2 Primitive Chordate

3 Fish Two Chambered Heart

4 Amphibian Heart- 3 Chambers

5 Reptilian Heart – 3 chambers Crocodile- incomplete 4

6 Fig

7 Synapsids Animals with one skull opening behind eye socket Located in the temporal region

8 Pelycosaurs Synapsid reptiles from Pennsylvanian and Permian – MYA Body close to ground Legs away from body Canine like teeth Dimetron

9 Therapsids Before dinosaurs Evidence suggests Mammals evolved from therapsids Body raised off the ground Limbs more under the body Teeth differentiated into 3 types Lystrosaurus

10 Cynodonts “dog tooth” Lumbar ribs reduced or absent Well developed secondary palate Lower jaw reduced to one bone Cynognathus Thrinaxodon

11 Transitional Fossil Thrinaxodon mya Body divided into lumbar and thoracic regions

12 Transitional Fossil Cynognathus mya May have been endothermic and gave birth to live young Smaller than a wolf

13 Mammals Cynodonts Therapsids Pelycosaurs Canine like teeth Limbs under body Reduced ribs, 1 jaw bone Molars, hair, glands Synapsid reptiles Cladogram of Synapsids

14 Early Mammals Triassic – 220 MYA Small Hair Mammary glands Skin glands Molar teeth Megazostrodon

15 Repenomamus robustus Ate Dinosaurs

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia 1.Have fur/hair 2.mammary glands 3.Viviparous- Give birth to live young (except monotremes) 4.Length of time in uterus - gestation period 5.Extended parental care 6.4 chambered heart 7.endothermic

1.Muscular Diaphragm 2.Specialized teeth 3.Seven cervical(neck)vertebrae 4.Outer ear 5.Well developed brain- Largest cerebrum 6.Sweat glands 7. Diphyodont teeth Two sets 8. Heterodont teeth Different shapes and functions Mammalian Anatomical Adaptations

18 Basic Mammal

19 Lion

20 Rhinoceros

21 Gorilla

22 Chimpanzee

23 Chimp and Human

24 Bat

25 Same bones, different stance

26

27 Incissors

28 Canine

29 Premolars

30 Molars

31 Mammal Circulation

32 Fig

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34 Monotremes Lay eggs Incubate 12 days Lick milk from mothers fur Transitional species

35 Marsupials Pouched mammals Birth to tiny embryo Embryo attaches to mother’s nipple to complete development

36 Placental Mammals Placenta nourishes embryo Long gestation period – 22 months for elephant Most successful group of mammals

37 Placental Mammals Competitive advantage over monotremes and marsupials – Better nutrition from placenta – Less vulnerable to predators More advanced at birth

38 Marsupials and Monotremes in Australia Triassic Period – Mammals evolved – Pangea Jurassic Period – Monotremes and marsupials migrated to southern pangea Cretaceous Period – Pangea breaks up

39 Evolution of Placenta from Amniotic Egg Reptile Chorion – Oxygen from air Amnion – Provides private pond Yolk Sac – Food for embryo Allantois – Store urinary waste Mammal Chorion – Form placenta to get oxygen & food from mothers blood Amnion – Provides private pond Yolk sac – Temporarily make RBCs Allantois – Form umbilical cord

40

41 Mammal Classification 14 major orders Over 4,000 species About half are rodents

42 Order Monotremata Lays eggs Young lick milk from mothers fur

43 Order Marsupiallia Pouch

44 Placental: Order Insectivora Sharp-snout Small Burrow underground Eat insects

45 Order Chiroptera Only Flying mammals Elongated fingers Echolocation Ex. bats Importance- Seed dispersal Pollination Control insects

46 Echolocation

47 Smallest Mammal Kitti’s hog-nosed Bat Bumble bee size 1.5 grams

48 Order Xenarthra Toothless or peg like teeth

49 Order Carnivora Large canine teeth Teeth adapted to shear flesh

50 Order Rodentia Chisel-like incisor teeth Continuously grow Largest order

51 Order Cetacea Front limbs modified into flippers No hind limbs Marine

52 Whales Blue whale 100 feet long, 120 tons – 9 story building Loudest animal– 188 dB Sound travels 100’s of miles

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54 Blue Whale Baleen whale Eats krill – Tiny crustaceans – 400 pounds/day Heart weighs 1000 pounds – Size of a Volkswagen Endangered species

55 Grey Whale

56 Migrates 12,500 miles

57 Grey Whale 50 feet long 35 tons Baleen whale – Sift mud Endangered species

58 Killer Whale

59 Breaching

60 Killer Whale 12,000 pounds Eat fish, squid, seals and whales – 200 pounds/day Swim 30 mph

61 Humpback Whale

62 Order Pinnipedia “fin feet” Limbs modified for swimming Marine carnivores Seals, sea lions, walrus

63 Order Proboscidea Tusks Largest living land mammal

64 Order Artiodactyla “even toe” Two or four toes Giraffes, impalas, moose, bison, cows

65 Order Perissodactyla “odd toed” One or three toes Horses rhinos

66 Order Primates Opposable thumb Binocular vision Fingernails usually Mammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair

67 The End

Evolution Change over time Which Chordate class do you think has more advantages/adaptations to survive changing times? Which classes have disadvantages? Which Chordate classes can you see evolutionary similarities in so far?