CHAP 4 AND 5 AND 6 The Fundamentals of Biology, The Marine Microbial World, Multicellular Primary Producers

Life 8 characteristics of living things  1)  2)  3)  4)  5)  6)  7)  8)

Life needs Energy: Photosynthesis Organisms need to capture, store and use energy Most organisms use only 2 sets of reactions  Photosynthesis  Respiration Photosynthesis: Making the Fuel Capture the sun’s energy and use it to make glucose Pigment chlorophyll captures the solar energy

Photosynthesis We rely on photosynthesis for food and oxygen Autotrophs- organisms that photosynthesize  = Producers  Plants on land; bacteria and algae in the ocean  Algae, plants, and some microorganisms CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + O 2

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Various ways to obtain energy  Autotrophs –  “Self feeders”  Use light or chemicals to create own energy Photosynthesis (light) or Chemosynthesis (chemicals) Use Light, Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium, Nitrate, Iron, etc.  Heterotrophs –  Cannot make their own food/energy  must eat/ingest to get their food, energy

Life needs Energy: Respiration Respiration: Burning the Fuel Both autotrophs and heterotrophs do it Releases the energy from org. compounds Reverse of photosynthesis Organic matter C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 Chemical energy captured in ATP molecule

Life needs Energy : Respiration Various ways to break down and release this energy =Respiration Aerobic  Organic matter broken down using oxygen to release energy Anaerobic  Organic matter broken down in the absence of oxygen

Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Primitive cells Ancient, simple, small No membrane-bound organelles Ex: Bacteria, Archaea Prokaryotes have few structures:  Cell wall – support  Ribosomes – assemble proteins  DNA – loose in the cytoplasm  Flagella – locomotion

Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are organized and complex Larger than prokaryotes Membrane-bound organelles Have specialized organelles

Eukaryotes Have specialized organelles:  Nucleus – contains chromosomes (DNA)  Endoplasmic reticulum – make proteins and other org. molecules for the cell  Golgi apparatus – package, transport molecules  Mitochondria – respiration center to provide energy  May have flagella and cilia – for movement

Diversity of Life in the Sea The vast diversity of organisms in the ocean came through millions of years of evolution  = The gradual alteration of a species’ genetic makeup  = Explains how species change over time Evolution occurs because of genetic differences  Individual organisms show variation in how they:  Find food, avoid being eaten, reproduce, find mates, metabolize, etc.  The best-adapted produce more offspring than the others  This process is called natural selection

Diversity of Life in the Sea Natural selection As their genes get passed on the favorable traits become more common The population’s genetic makeup changes over time as it adapts to its environment Populations either:  adapt to the changes in the environment  or become extinct.

Classifying Living Things To discuss the huge variety of life forms we must first classify them What is a species? A type of organism? = a population with common characteristics that can successfully breed with each other (fertile offspring)

Binomial Nomenclature Organisms are identified with a two-word name -  Genus and species = Binomial Nomenclature Blue whale – Balaenoptera musculus Fin whale – Balaenoptera physalus Minke whale – Balaenoptera acutorostrata Latin or Greek is used for naming Common names are confusing, scientific names are used worldwide to precisely identify a species

Phylogenetic: Reconstructing Evolution Organisms are grouped according to their relatedness Related organisms share an evolutionary history, or phylogeny Share a common ancestor  Look at fossil record  Anatomy  Reproduction  Embryo development  DNA  Behavior, etc.

Phylogeny of Sea Stars

Tree of Life Classifications have changed over time Started with two kingdoms – Animalia and Plantae Then 5 kingdoms – added Fungi, Monera, & Protista Now--3 domain system

Classification: The Three Domains Domain Archaea – Includes newly discovered cell types – Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria – Includes other members of old kingdom Monera – Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria Domain Eukarya – Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells – Protista – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae Prokaryotes: -No Nucleus -No membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes: -DNA in nucleus -Membrane Bound organelles

Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genus contain closely related species Species are unique Each grouping is called a Taxon, Taxa plural

Ex: Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phyla: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Phocidae Genus: Pagophilus Species: groenlandicus Harp Seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus

Marine Microbes and Primary Producers Prokaryotes  Bacteria  Archae Unicellular Algae  Diatoms  Dinoflagellates Protozoans  Formaniferans  Radiolarians  Ciliates Fungi Multicellular Algae  Red-Rhodophyta  Green-Chlorophyta  Brown-Phaeophyta Flowering Plants  True Plants  Seagrass  Salt Tolerant  Mangroves  Salt marsh grass

Bacteria Cyanobacteria Red Tide

Archaea

Methanogens Extremophiles Extreme Halophiles Thermoacidophiles Hot springssewage Great salt lakes

Unicellular Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Zooxanthelle

Protozoa: Foraminiferans and Ciliates Animal-like

Fungi Biotec.or.th

Multicellular Algae Padina japonica

Macrocystis pyrifera

Flowering Plants