Mayan calendar Mária Hricová Bartolomejová Ladislav Hric Kolos 2011

History of Mezoamerican Indians 50 000-8 000 BC passing through Bering strait-hunters PaleoIndians: 3500 BC-agriculture, pottery Olmecs: 1200-900 BC, Mexican Bay, statutes, jaguar, feather snake Zapotecs: till 300 BC, Oaxaka(wahaka),Monte Alban, agriculture,writ, hieroglyphs, system of dots and bars, calendar Teotihuacan culture: 150 AD-pyramid of the Sun, 250-600 AD pyramid of the Moon, 50 km from Mexico City, Got of the feather snake Quetzalcoatl

Mayans: 250-900 AD, Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, ancient towns: Palenque, Chichen Itza. Feather snake, other Deities Writing-hieroglyphs,mathematics, calendar, astronomy Aztecs: military nation coming from the north, 14 cent. AD, capital-Tenochtitlan-Venice of the New World,lake Texcoco(Teškoko) latest King Montezuma II God of the Sun-Huicilopochtilo (vicilopočtlí)-sacrifying of human hearts, blood God of the Feather snake Quetzalcoatl calendar, mathematics astronomy, writing from Mayans

Mayan mathematics Vigesimal number system based on 20 0 – 19 Combination of dots and bars 5 dots replaced by one bar Mayans knew zero

Number Decimal System Vigesimal system 35 3x101+ 5x100 1x201+ 15x200 543 5x102+ 4x101+ 3x100 1x202+ 7x201 + 3x200 3453 3x103+ 4x102+ 5x101+ 8x202+ 12x201 + 13x200 35 543 3453 202==400 201= =20 200= =1

Number Decimal System Vigesimal system 60 6x101 3x201+ 0x200 543 5x102+ 4x101+ 3x100 1x202+ 7x201 + 3x200 3453 3x103+ 4x102+ 5x101+ 8x202+ 12x201 + 13x200 60 400 8421 202==400 201= =20 200= =1

sumation by Mayas 8522 + 10966 = 19488 203= 8000 202= 400 201= 20 200=

Chichen Itzá-El Caracol Observation: Sun, Venus, Moon, constallations, Milky way Solar beams through the slit on the walls Predictions of the solar eclipses

Palenque-Palace King and priests observed the Sunset from tower toward the pyramid of the Inscriptions on 21.December=winter solstice

Calendar Tzolkin (ritual) IMIX Water lily,dragon IK’ wind AK’BAL Night-house K’AN corn CHIKCHAN snake KIMI death MANIK’ hand LAMAT Venus MULUK’ water OK dog CHUEN Monkey EB tuth BEN rreed IX Jaguar MEN Eagle KIB soul KABAN Earth ETZ’NAB Knife KAWAK Storm AHAW Lord Calendar Tzolkin (ritual) Cycle of 260 days orbital motion of Venus consisting of 2 cycles: A) 13 days from 1 to 13 numbers of days B) 20 days from 0 to 19 names of days – events from common life 1.Imix –New year after 260 days

Ritual calendar Tzolkin Alternating of 2 cycles 13 days and 20 days 13x20=260 days Beginning of New year= 1.IMIX 4 seasonal cycles=4x65 days

Ritual calendar Tzolkin

Calendar Haab (civil) Numbers of days +names of months Pohp Mask Yax green?? Wo frog Zak white?? Sip Deer Keh Sotz’ Bat Mak Blanket Sek Skull K’ank’in Full Sun Xul End Muwan Owl Yaxk’in New Sun Pax Music Mol Union K’ayab Turtle Ch’en Well Kumk’u Dark God 365 days annual movement of Sun 18 months each 20 days=0...19 Names of months-symbols from life 18x20=360 +Wayeb (5 days nonamed, unlucky=0...4)

Calendar Haab (civil) hieroglyfic expression

Calendar Haab (civil) hieroglyfic expression Last day of month=sitting day on the next month

Calendar cycle (Tzolkin+Haab) Tzolkin 260 days Haab 365 days Beginning of both cycles after 18 980 (divisible) days = = 52 Haab = 73 Tzolkin 4 Ahaw, 8 Cumku again after 18 980 days Nowadays are used :Mexiko, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize

Calendar cycle (Tzolkin+Haab)

Expression of calendar cycle by gliphs

Mezoamerican indians

Long Count Recording of the historical events 1 Bak’tun = 20 K’atun = 144 000 days 1 K’atun = 20 Tun = 7 200 days 1 Tun = 18 Winal = 360 days (0...17) 1 Winal = 20 K’in = 20 days (0...19) 1 K’in = 1 day Starting of mayan calendar on 13 (11).Aug.3114 BC=584 283 JD = 0.0.0.0.0, 4 Ahau, 8 Cumcu 12.19.17.17.18 = 12x144000+19x7200+17x360+17x20+18 = 1871278 days + 584283 JD = 2455561 days = 1.1.2011

Mayan expression of date

Mayan expression of date Kolos 1.12.2011=2 455 896 JD = 2455896 -584283 = 1871613 = 12x144000 + 19x7200 + 18x360 + 16x20+13= 12 Bak’tun 19 K’atun 18 Tun 16 Winal 13 K’in =12.19.18.16.13 1871613/260, 4 Ahau, = 6 Eb (divisible) 1871613/365, 8 Kumku = 1 Mak Today by Mayans 12.19.18.16.13, 6Eb, 1 Mak

Calculation of the end of world Mayan believed in 13 baktuns – 13 heavens which gradually developed End of the count by mayan calendar 13.0.0.0.0 = 13 baktun, 0 katun, 0 tun, 0 winal, 0 kin, 4 Ahau, 3 Kankin = 13x144000 = 1872000 days + MB(584283JD) = 2456283JD = (21)23.dec.2012 (almanac)

What is happening in 2012? Transit of Venus 5.-6. Jun 2012 – Nordkap -expedition Norway Solar eclipse 14-13.November 2012 Caerms – Queensland - Australia SAS pri SAV Info www.astro.sas.sk

Chichén Itzá-El Castillo Mayan calendár-9 platforms divided by 2=18 months 4 sides 91 steps + top platformn=365 days a year Each fasade 52 plain stones=52 year cycle Northern steps=lights and shadows show the optical efect of the waving snake on 21.3. and 23.9. It takes 3 h 22 min

Thank You for your attention