BIRDS CLASS AVES the study of birds ORNITHOLOGY Read Math Lab 802 Feather Lab Anatomy Lab

An Introduction to Birds KINGDOM : PHYLUM : CLASS : Animalia Chordata Aves

Avian Characteristics

resemblance between birds and reptiles REPRODUCTION REPTILES BIRDS leathery eggshard shells one ovary Int fert int fert ext and internal develop external develop

ANATOMY REPTILESBIRDS scales on legsscales on legs beakbeak claws on feetclaws on feet

Feathers Bills Lightweight Bones Flight Eggs / Nests Bipedal High Metabolism 4-chambered Heart Avian Characteristics Unidirectional Lungs Parental Care Monogamy Large-brained Highly Communicative Skilled Navigators Color Vision Sensitive Hearing

Feathers Bills Lightweight Bones Flight Eggs * / Nests Bipedal * High Metabolism 4-chambered Heart Avian Characteristics Unidirectional Lungs Parental Care Monogamy Large-brained Highly Communicative Skilled Navigators Color Vision * Sensitive Hearing ALL Birds Have

Feathers Bills Lightweight Bones Flight Eggs* / Nests Bipedal * Hallux High Metabolism 4-chambered Heart Avian Characteristics Unidirectional Lungs Parental Care Monogamy Large-brained Highly Communicative Skilled Navigators Color Vision * Sensitive Hearing ONLY Birds Have

OTHER MAIN FEATURES OF BIRDS amniote egg encased in hard, calcium containing shell eggs incubated in a nest endothermic 40 0 to 42 0 C rapid breathing, heart rate, and metabolism is needed frequent feedings are necessary

EVOLUTION see film "The Case of the Flying Dinosaur" feathers do not preserve well unclear lineage and origin 230mya 150 mya

CLASSIFICATION Class Aves Order 27 Species 9,000 Old evidence plumage, musculature, feet, beaks New evidence DNA, song, behavior

EXTERNAL ANATOMY see lab on feathers and chicken wing lab preening- rubbing oil from a preen gland on the feathers with their beak molting- replacement of flight feathers When do they molt? spring in some before courtship late summer- in prep for migration

Adaptations for Flight Enlarged sternum –Flight muscle attachment Long neck –balance

INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS Skeleton and Muscle many bones are fused to aid stability in flying (not many moving parts) extensive musculature for flying 50% of weight

Skull Most bones fused Much lighter than reptile or mammal skull

Pneumatic Bones

flight is accomplished by muscles and skeleton of the wing tail movement for lift, steering and braking skin muscles to flex feathers for precise movement keel would be comparable to the ________________ to anchor muscles

flight is accomplished by muscles and skeleton of the wing tail movement for lift, steering and braking skin muscles to flex feathers for precise movement keel would be comparable to the __ sagittal crest ____ to anchor muscles

Feathers

In Class ASSIGNMENT Read pages and comment about the features listed READ SKELETON 2 paragraphs beak design and use READ DIGESTION describe the function of various parts note cloaca- unites what three system? READ REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT define the following terms ALTRICIAL, PRECOCIAL, BROOD PATCH EGG TOOTH, BROOD PARASITISM Answers the following questions about Migration Three reasons WHY birds migrate. Three explanations on HOW they navigate

Digestive and Excretory Systems remaining slides in student binder rapid ie. magpie can digest a mouse in 3 hours (snake takes 3 days) thrush can digest blackberries in 45 min. crop expanded esophagus for moistening and food storage

Bills

stomach proventriculus gastric juices break down food gizzard- stones for kneading and grinding food small intestines- bile and enzymes continue digestion absorption into the blood stream cloaca- uric acid extracted by kidneys from the blood stream joins the undigested wastes of the intestines and is eliminated from the body (no urinary bladder)

Respiratory system Very efficient 9 air sacs branch off the lungs (buoyancy) inhaled air 75% goes directly to the air sac 25% goes to the lungs exhaled air releases CO2, posterior air sac air fills the lungs oxygen enters lungs by inhaling and exhaling

Bird circulatory system

Nervous system relatively large brains major portion for flight coordination ___cerebellum_________ optic lobe- keen vision- color vision sense of smell is poorly developed ( better in _____________) good hearing among _________ and ___________ birds

Nervous system relatively large brains major portion for flight coordination ___cerebellum_________ optic lobe- keen vision- color vision sense of smell is poorly developed ( better in ___flightless__) good hearing among ___nocturnal __ and ____song___ birds

Behavior Flocking- Confusing predator (hard to focus on 1 member) Many eyes can see predators (eyes on side) ROOSTING TOGETHER AT NIGHT Nesting for reproduction “rookery” Groups of eggs “clutch”

Reproduction Territoriality- male intimidates others to establish a nesting site. Once established Courtship begins - HUGE VARIETY OF BEHAVIORS

Caudipteryx Feathered dinosaur Flightless Transitional fossil –Dinosaur arms –Dinosaur teeth Only front of upper jaw –Bird feathers

Archaeopteryx 147 MYA Transitional fossil –Characteristics of reptiles –Characteristics of birds

Archeopteryx Reptile characteristics –Teeth –Boney tail –Fingers with claws Bird characteristics –Feathers –Furcula

Click Image for Movie

Evolution of Flight Running Hypothesis

Microraptor gui

Evolution of Flight Gliding Hypothesis

Benefits of Birds to Man Eat insects, rodents and weeds Spread seeds for flowers and trees Food Sport Pets

Fastest Animal Peregrine falcon Strikes prey at 180 mph

Elephant Bird Eleven feet tall 1100 pounds Largest egg ever Extinct in late 1600’s

Giant Moa New Zealand Hunted to extinction about 1600

Hummingbirds Fly up, down, left, right, backwards and upside down Wings beat times per second Heart rate =600 bpm Eat 2/3 body weight each day Nectar, pollen & insects

TEST TOPICS Labs on ‘”Feet, habitat and behavior” be able to associate all 3 and “Feather” draw and identify the parts of a feather and types of feathers Notes in Class (you can view the PowerPoint in my PROJECTS folder Notes students were to take from Blue Zoology book Biology Text reading Video “Case of the Flying Dinosaurs

EASY 1. word for cleaning feathers 2. 3 systems united in cloaca 3. brood patch is what 4. Name of Bird/reptile found in germany 5. central portion of a feather (vain) 6. chambers in heart 7. pterodactyl means 8. why was limestone in demand in the 1700s 9. special feature of respiratory system 10. cow birds and cuckoos have odd rearing practice

MEDIUM 3 functions of feather 2 major lobes of brain change feathers? why? 2 skeletal features that aid in flight How are birds classified? Archeopteryx has reptile and bird features Why would birds have a broader range then reptiles

DIFFICULT contrast precocial and altricial Describe the two theories of bird origin Factors that influence migration Resources that help in navigation List organs in the digestive system Compare and contrast Birds and Reptiles