Meteorology Education for Flight School Instructors MEFSI Dr Meteorology Education for Flight School Instructors MEFSI Dr. Charles (Chip) West Meteorologist in Charge Atlanta Center Weather Service Unit

WEATHER-RELATED ACCIDENTS Adverse Winds Reduced Visibilities Low Ceilings Turbulence High Density Altitude Icing Thunderstorms Obscurations 50 100 150 200 250 300 NTSB Accident Data for 1995 Fatal Accidents Non-Fatal Accidents

WEATHER CAUSES/ FACTORS (1142 ACCIDENTS) FATAL NON-FATAL FB-5-8-6

PILOT VISIBILITIES INFLIGHT (AIR-TO-AIR) SLANT RANGE (AIR-TO-GROUND) SURFACE

CLOUDS RESTRICT FLIGHT VISIBILITIES TO ZERO INFLIGHT (AIR-TO-AIR) SLANT RANGE (AIR-TO-GROUND)

MOUNTAIN OBSCURATIONS SEA LEVEL

POOR SLANT RANGE VISIBILITY GOOD SLANT RANGE VISIBILITY EFFECTIVE PILOT CEILING 500 FEET REPORTED CEILING 500 FEET POOR SLANT RANGE VISIBILITY VERTICAL VISIBILITY 500 FEET EFFECTIVE PILOT CEILING LESS THAN 500 FEET

FOG: A cloud on the ground.

CAUSES OF FOG 1. SURFACE TEMPERATURE DECREASES TO DEW POINT BY: - CONTACT WITH A COLDER SURFACE. - UPSLOPE FLOW (ADIABATIC COOLING). - EVAPORATIONAL COOLING (LATENT HEAT). AND/OR 2. SURFACE DEW POINT INCREASES TO TEMPERATURE BY EVAPORATION: - AIR OVER MOIST SURFACE. - WARM RAIN FALLING THROUGH COLDER AIR.

DAILY FOG FREQUENCY FREQUENCY SUNSET SUNRISE NIGHT DAY PEAK FREQUENCY FB-5-8-17

ANNUAL FOG FREQUENCY 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DAYS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

WINDS IN EXCESS OF 15 KNOTS WILL OFTEN PRODUCE LOW CEILINGS. TURBULENT MIXING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 15 KNOTS WILL OFTEN PRODUCE LOW CEILINGS. 20 KNOTS CLOUD LAYER

BROKEN TO OVERCAST LOW CLOUDS CEILING LOW CEILINGS BROKEN TO OVERCAST LOW CLOUDS

FOG RADIATION FOG RADIATIONAL COOLING OF GROUND AT NIGHT FAVORABLE CONDITIONS: LIGHT WINDS, CLEAR SKIES, SHALLOW SURFACE-BASED MOIST LAYER

FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ADVECTION FOG COLD LAND WARM WATER FOG MOIST AIR MOVING (BEING ADVECTED) OVER A COLDER SURFACE WINDS 5-15 KNOTS TEMPERATURE COOLED TO DEW POINT COLD LAND

FAVORABLE CONDITIONS STEAM FOG WARM WATER - COLD AIR MOVING OVER WARM WATER - LIGHT TO MODERATE WINDS FB-5-8-34

FB-5-8-37 COURTESY OF DR. JOE MORAN

ADVECTION FOG FOG H WARM WATER COLD WATER

L H ADVECTION FOG FOG

FAVORABLE CONDITIONS UPSLOPE FOG MOIST STABLE AIR MOVING UPSLOPE WINDS 5 - 15 KNOTS FOG WIND

FAVORABLE CONDITIONS RAIN-INDUCED FOG COLD AIR WARM AIR - WARM RAIN FALLING THROUGH COLDER AIR

HAZE AND SMOKE H FAVORABLE CONDITIONS LARGE SURFACE HIGH STABLE AIR

PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS AND STABILITY TEMPERATURE HEIGHT

HAZE

DUST CAN BE CARRIED MANY MILES FROM ITS SOURCE BLOWING DUST/DUST DUST CAN BE CARRIED MANY MILES FROM ITS SOURCE 15,000 FT UNSTABLE 40KTS 20KTS LUBBOCK FAVORABLE CONDITIONS - STRONG TURBULENT WIND DALLAS - BARREN TERRAIN

WIND FAVORABLE CONDITIONS BLOWING SAND - STRONG SURFACE WINDS - DRY CONDITIONS - LOOSE, SANDY SOIL

VOLCANIC ASH

ICING

ICING INTENSITIES TRACE - PERCEPTIBLE, NO SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION LIGHT - SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION FOR A PROLONGED FLIGHT (OVER 1 HOUR) MODERATE - SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION FOR SHORTER PERIODS OF FLIGHT SEVERE - RAPID, DANGEROUS ACCUMULATIONS

CLEAR ICING FAVORABLE CONDITIONS LARGE DROPLETS IN CUMULIFORM CLOUDS OR FREEZING RAIN TEMPERATURES 0°C TO -10°C

RIME ICING FAVORABLE CONDITIONS SMALL SUPERCOOLED DROPLETS IN STRATIFORM CLOUDS TEMPERATURES 0°C TO -10°C

MIXED ICING FAVORABLE CONDITIONS LARGE AND SMALL DROPLETS COEXIST LIQUID AND FROZEN PARTICLES COEXIST WET SNOW FREEZING TEMPERATURES

HAZARDOUS EFFECTS TO FLIGHT DECREASES LIFT INCREASES DRAG DECREASES THRUST INCREASES WEIGHT

ICING INTENSITY EFFECTS (WITHOUT DEICERS/WITH DEICERS) TRACE - NO HAZARDS/ NO DEICERS REQUIRED LIGHT - HAZARDOUS IF CONTINUED/ OCCASIONAL USE OF DEICERS REQUIRED MODERATE - HAZARDOUS, REQUIRES DIVERSION/CONTINUOUS USE OF DEICERS REQUIRED SEVERE - IMMEDIATE HAZARD/ UNCONTROLLED BY DEICERS

ICING LAYER SINGLE FREEZING LEVEL GROUND LEVEL SEA LEVEL 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 MOST PROBABLE ICING LAYER -10°C 0°C

STRATUS CLOUDS ICING ZONE 0°C

CUMULUS CLOUDS FAST ACCUMULATION 0°C 0°C OR LESS OR LESS

RAIN, DRIZZLE, OR WET SNOW PRECIPITATION RAIN, DRIZZLE, OR WET SNOW TEMP 0°C OR LOWER

0°C FRONTS WARM RAIN WARM AIR COLD AIR BELOW FREEZING TEMPERATURES STRATIFIED CLOUDS WARM AIR ABOVE FREEZING TEMPERATURES WARM FRONT MOIST AND STABLE WARM RAIN COLD AIR BELOW FREEZING TEMPERATURES SUPERCOOLED RAIN FREEZES ON IMPACT (FREEZING RAIN)

PL RA

TURBULENCE

SHEARS OF HORIZONTAL WINDS SHEAR OF VERTICAL WINDS WIND SHEARS SHEARS OF HORIZONTAL WINDS VERTICAL SPEED SHEAR HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL SHEAR HORIZONTAL SPEED SHEAR SHEAR OF VERTICAL WINDS

INTENSITY OF TURBULENCE VARIES WITH AIRCRAFT TYPE UA/OV ABQ/TM 1640/FL100/TP B737/TB LGT DURD 100-SFC UA/OV ABQ/TM 1645/FL070/TP PA31/TB MOD

TEMPERATURE INVERSION WARM AIR INVERSION CALM WIND TEMPERATURE COLD AIR

TEMPERATURE INVERSION RADIATIONAL COOLING WARM AIR INVERSION TEMPERATURE COLD CALM AIR

TEMPERATURE INVERSION COLD AIR TRAPPED IN VALLEY WARM AIR 25 KNOTS COLD CALM AIR

JET STREAMS NORTH SOUTH TROPOPAUSE JET CORE ISOTACHS 70 KTS 110 KTS 130 KTS 90 KTS ISOTACHS NORTH SOUTH VERTICAL CROSS SECTION

CONVECTIVE TURBULENCE MOIST CONVECTION SMOOTH FLIGHT ABOVE CLOUDS CUMULIFORM CLOUDS TURBULENCE MOIST AIR

CONVECTIVE TURBULENCE DRY CONVECTION SMOOTH FLIGHT ABOVE CONVECTION 10,000 ft. 3,000 ft. DRY AIR CLEAR WARM TURBULENT GUSTY WINDS SUNNY SKIES UNEVEN SURFACE HEATING

MECHANICAL TURBULENCE STRONG SURFACE WINDS 20 Knots FRICTION CAUSES TURBULENT MIXING

MECHANICAL TURBULENCE OBSTRUCTIONS IN THE AIR FLOW WIND FAVORABLE CONDITIONS STRONG LOW LEVEL WIND 20 KNOTS OR GREATER GROUND LEVEL OBSTRUCTIONS

MECHANICAL TURBULENCE HILLS / MOUNTAINS WIND LEEWARD WINDWARD FAVORABLE CONDITIONS MODERATE OR STRONGER WIND ACROSS THE HILL / MOUNTAIN

MECHANICAL TURBULENCE MOUNTAIN WAVE 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 FAVORABLE CONDITIONS -WINDS 25 KTS OR GREATER ACROSS -WINDS INCREASING WITH HEIGHT -STABLE ATMOSPHERE WAVE LENGTH 5 TO 30 MILES STRATOSPHERE TROPOPAUSE TROPOSPHERE 1000’s OF FEET LENTICULAR CLOUD WIND ROTOR CAP CLOUD TURBULENCE

MOUNTAIN WAVE CLOUDS CCSL ACSL ROTOR

FRONTS WIND SHEAR TURBULENCE WARM COLD

CONVECTIVE TURBULENCE COLD FRONT CONVECTIVE TURBULENCE WARM MOIST UNSTABLE COLD MOIST UNSTABLE

MECHANICAL TURBULENCE STRONG GUSTY SURFACE WINDS FRONTS MECHANICAL TURBULENCE STRONG GUSTY SURFACE WINDS

WARM AND STATIONARY FRONTS CONVECTIVE TURBULENCE CB TCU NS SC COLD STABLE MOIST WARM UNSTABLE ST BR

HAZARDOUS EFFECTS

WINDS MODERATE OR GREATER ACROSS MOUNTAINS DOWNSLOPE FLOW WIND LEEWARD WINDWARD FAVORABLE CONDITIONS WINDS MODERATE OR GREATER ACROSS MOUNTAINS

CROSS WIND 17

Pressure Altitude and the loss of FL180-200

LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR INVERSION LAYER TEMPERATURE CALM AIR

RESPONSE ITEM WHAT EFFECT DOES A HEADWIND HAVE ON AN EN ROUTE AIRCRAFT? A. INCREASES FUEL CONSUMPTION B. CAUSES TURBULENCE C. INCREASES TRUE AIRSPEED A. INCREASES FUEL CONSUMPTION B. CAUSES TURBULENCE C. INCREASES TRUE AIRSPEED

RESPONSE ITEM THE TYPES OF PILOT VISIBILITY NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN PROPER AIRCRAFT ORIENTATION ARE A. INFLIGHT AND SLANT RANGE. B. INFLIGHT AND SURFACE. C. SLANT RANGE AND SURFACE. A. INFLIGHT AND SLANT RANGE. B. INFLIGHT AND SURFACE. C. SLANT RANGE AND SURFACE.

RESPONSE ITEM THE HAZARDOUS CONDITION THAT CAUSES INDEFINITE CEILINGS IS A. LOW OVERCAST CLOUDS. B. MOUNTAIN OBSCURATIONS. C. RESTRICTIONS TO VISIBILITY. A. LOW OVERCAST CLOUDS. B. MOUNTAIN OBSCURATIONS. C. RESTRICTIONS TO VISIBILITY.

RESPONSE ITEM THE FLIGHT CONDITION WITH THE HIGHEST FATALITY RATE IS A. CONTINUED VFR INTO ADVERSE WEATHER. B. THUNDERSTORMS. C. ADVERSE WINDS. A. CONTINUED VFR INTO ADVERSE WEATHER. B. THUNDERSTORMS. C. ADVERSE WINDS.

RESPONSE ITEM AT WHAT TIME ARE REDUCED VISIBILITIES DUE TO FOG THE LOWEST? A. AROUND NOON B. SHORTLY AFTER SUNSET C. SHORTLY AFTER SUNRISE A. AROUND NOON B. SHORTLY AFTER SUNSET C. SHORTLY AFTER SUNRISE F-5-7-45

RESPONSE ITEM UNDER WHICH CONDITION IS FOG MOST LIKELY TO FORM? TEMPERATURE INCREASES MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE DEW POINT TEMPERATURE DECREASES AND THE DEW POINT INCREASES DEW POINT DECREASING MORE RAPIDLY THAN TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE INCREASES MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE DEW POINT TEMPERATURE DECREASES AND THE DEW POINT INCREASES DEW POINT DECREASING MORE RAPIDLY THAN TEMPERATURE FF-8-14-14

RESPONSE ITEM FOG WHICH FORMS AS A RESULT OF NIGHTTIME COOLING OF THE GROUND IS A. STEAM FOG. B. UPSLOPE FOG. C. RADIATION FOG. A. STEAM FOG. B. UPSLOPE FOG. C. RADIATION FOG. FB-5-8-44

RESPONSE ITEM ADVECTION FOG CAN FORM WHEN MOIST AIR A. FLOWS OVER A COLDER SURFACE. B. FLOWS OVER A WARMER SURFACE. C. IS COLDER THAN SURFACE. A. FLOWS OVER A COLDER SURFACE. B. FLOWS OVER A WARMER SURFACE. C. IS COLDER THAN SURFACE. F-5-7-40

RESPONSE ITEM FOG WHICH FORMS AS A RESULT OF COLD AIR MOVING OVER WARM WATER IS A. ADVECTION FOG. B. STEAM FOG. C. RADIATION FOG. A. ADVECTION FOG. B. STEAM FOG. C. RADIATION FOG. FB-5-8-41

RESPONSE ITEM A LARGE SURFACE HIGH AND STABLE AIR ARE FAVORABLE FOR A. HAZE AND SMOKE. B. PRECIPITATION. C. BLOWING DUST. A. HAZE AND SMOKE. B. PRECIPITATION. C. BLOWING DUST.

RESPONSE ITEM WHICH TYPE OF RESTRICTION WOULD BE MOST PROBABLE ABOVE 2,000 FEET AGL? A. BLOWING SNOW B. BLOWING SAND C. DUST A. BLOWING SNOW B. BLOWING SAND C. DUST

RESPONSE ITEM WHICH TYPE OF PRECIPITATION MOST EFFECTIVELY RESTRICTS VISIBILITY? A. RAIN B. SNOW C. DRIZZLE A. RAIN B. SNOW C. DRIZZLE

RESPONSE ITEM THE TEMPERATURE RANGE WHERE STRUCTURAL ICING IS MOST LIKELY IS A. 0°C TO -10°C. B. 5°C TO -18°C. C. -10°C TO -18°C. THE TEMPERATURE RANGE WHERE STRUCTURAL ICING IS MOST LIKELY IS A. 0°C TO -10°C. B. 5°C TO -18°C. C. -10°C TO -18°C.

RESPONSE ITEM THE MOST FAVORABLE LOCATION FOR STRUCTURAL ICING IN THE VICINITY OF MOUNTAINS IS ON THE __________ SIDE. A. LEEWARD B. WINDWARD C. DOWNSLOPE THE MOST FAVORABLE LOCATION FOR STRUCTURAL ICING IN THE VICINITY OF MOUNTAINS IS ON THE __________ SIDE. A. LEEWARD B. WINDWARD C. DOWNSLOPE

RESPONSE ITEM TURBULENCE IS A RESULT OF FLIGHT INTO A. HEADWINDS. B. LIGHT WINDS AND STABLE AIR. C. SMALL SCALE EDDIES. TURBULENCE IS A RESULT OF FLIGHT INTO A. HEADWINDS. B. LIGHT WINDS AND STABLE AIR. C. SMALL SCALE EDDIES.

RESPONSE ITEM THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF TURBULENCE IS A. RAIN. B. WIND SHEAR. C. STRATUS CLOUDS. THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF TURBULENCE IS A. RAIN. B. WIND SHEAR. C. STRATUS CLOUDS.

RESPONSE ITEM “CAT” REFERS TO TURBULENCE ASSOCIATED WITH A. CONVECTION. B. MECHANICAL TURBULENCE. C. THE JET STREAM. “CAT” REFERS TO TURBULENCE ASSOCIATED WITH A. CONVECTION. B. MECHANICAL TURBULENCE. C. THE JET STREAM.

RESPONSE ITEM THE TYPE OF TURBULENCE THAT RESULTS FROM THE INTERRUPTION OF SMOOTH FLOW BY OBJECTS IS A. WIND SHEAR ZONES. B. CONVECTION. C. MECHANICAL. THE TYPE OF TURBULENCE THAT RESULTS FROM THE INTERRUPTION OF SMOOTH FLOW BY OBJECTS IS A. WIND SHEAR ZONES. B. CONVECTION. C. MECHANICAL.

RESPONSE ITEM AT WHAT TIME OF THE DAY WOULD YOU MOST LIKELY EXPECT WIND SHEAR TURBULENCE DUE TO A SURFACE BASED INVERSION? A. 0700 LOCAL B. 1400 LOCAL C. 2000 LOCAL A. 0700 LOCAL B. 1400 LOCAL C. 2000 LOCAL

RESPONSE ITEM THE ALTITUDES WHICH CONTAIN TURBULENCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE JET STREAM ARE GENERALLY __________ FEET. A. BELOW 10,000 B. 10,000 TO 20,000 C. ABOVE 24,000 A. BELOW 10,000 B. 10,000 TO 20,000 C. ABOVE 24,000

RESPONSE ITEM THE EFFECTS OF MOUNTAIN WAVES OFTEN EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE TO A. LESS THAN 5,000 FEET. B. THE ALTITUDE OF THE MOUNTAIN CREST. C. SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE TROPOPAUSE. A. LESS THAN 5,000 FEET. B. THE ALTITUDE OF THE MOUNTAIN CREST. C. SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE TROPOPAUSE.

RESPONSE ITEM THE MOST INTENSE TURBULENCE WITH A MOUNTAIN WAVE IS TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE _________ CLOUD. A. ROTOR B. ACSL C. CCSL A. ROTOR B. ACSL C. CCSL

RESPONSE ITEM SHOWERS ARE AN INDICATOR OF ___________ TURBULENCE. A. SHEAR ZONE B. CONVECTIVE C. MECHANICAL A. SHEAR ZONE B. CONVECTIVE C. MECHANICAL

RESPONSE ITEM WHAT INTENSITY OF ICING IDENTIFIES SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATIONS AFTER RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF FLIGHT? A. LIGHT B. MODERATE C. SEVERE A. LIGHT B. MODERATE C. SEVERE

RESPONSE ITEM SOLID, SMOOTH ICE FORMED EITHER FROM SUPERCOOLED WATER DROPS OR FROM FREEZING RAIN IS CALLED ________ ICE. A. CLEAR B. RIME C. MIXED A. CLEAR B. RIME C. MIXED

RESPONSE ITEM THE TYPE OF ICING USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH STRATIFORM CLOUDS IS A. CLEAR. B. RIME. C. MIXED. A. CLEAR. B. RIME. C. MIXED.

RESPONSE ITEM THE ICING INTENSITY THAT REQUIRES CONTINUOUS USE OF DEICERS IS A. LIGHT. B. MODERATE. C. SEVERE. THE ICING INTENSITY THAT REQUIRES CONTINUOUS USE OF DEICERS IS A. LIGHT. B. MODERATE. C. SEVERE.

RESPONSE ITEM DURING CLIMBOUT INTO THE CUMULIFORM CLOUD, AT 0oC DURING CLIMBOUT INTO THE CUMULIFORM CLOUD, AT WHAT ALTITUDE WOULD YOU EXPECT INITIAL ICING? A. 3,000 FEET B. 5,000 FEET C. 7,000 FEET DURING CLIMBOUT INTO THE CUMULIFORM CLOUD, AT WHAT ALTITUDE WOULD YOU EXPECT INITIAL ICING? A. 3,000 FEET B. 5,000 FEET C. 7,000 FEET

RESPONSE ITEM THE INTENSITY OF TURBULENCE THAT CAUSES LARGE VARIATIONS IN INDICATED AIRSPEED AND MOMENTARY LOSS OF CONTROL OF THE AIRCRAFT IS A. MODERATE. B. SEVERE. C. EXTREME. A. MODERATE. B. SEVERE. C. EXTREME.

RESPONSE ITEM IN ORDER TO AVOID AN ACCIDENT BY RAPIDLY DESCENDING INTO THE MOUNTAIN THE PILOT SHOULD: A. CLIMB 5,000 FEET OR MORE ABOVE CREST. B. DECREASE SPEED AT CREST HEIGHT. C. FLY AT CREST HEIGHT BUT STAY OUT OF DOWNDRAFT. A. CLIMB 5,000 FEET OR MORE ABOVE CREST. B. DECREASE SPEED AT CREST HEIGHT. C. FLY AT CREST HEIGHT BUT STAY OUT OF DOWNDRAFT.