Chapter 2 sections 3-4 By Alexander Bonilla

European Footholds in Southeast Asia and India  In 1511 a Portugeese fleet commanded by Afonso de Albuquerque dropped anchor off Malacca, a rich Muslim trading port that controlled the sea route linking India, Southeast Asia and China.  The Portuguese quickly took control of the city killing its inhabitants and seizing its wealth.  Portugal was the first European power to gain power in Asia

Portugal’s empire in the east  After Vasco de Gama’s voyage, the Portuguese under Albuquerque's command, burst into the Indian Ocean.  In 1510, they seized the island of Goa off the coast of India, making it their major military and commercial base.  In less than 50 years, the Portuguese had built a trading empire with military and merchant outposts

Portugal Empire in the East(cont)  Outposts: distant areas under their control  Impact: The lasting impression  The tolerance of the Portuguese missionaries caused resentment, they attacked Muslims, destroyed Hindu temples and introduced the inquisition.

Rise of the Dutch  The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination in Asia.  In 1599 a Dutch fleet returned to Amsterdam from Asia after more than a year’s absence.  By the late 1500’s, Dutch warships and trading vessels put the Netherlands in the forefront of the European commence.

Dutch Dominance  In 1602 a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East India Company.  In the next decades Dutch strove to make themselves the major European power in the east.  In 1641 they captured Malacca from the Portuguese and opened trade with China.

Spain Seizes the Philippines.  While the Portuguese and Dutch set up bases on the fringes of Asia, Spain took over the Philippines. Magellan claimed the archipelago for Spain in  In the spirit of the Catholic reformation, Spanish priest set out to convert the people to Christianity.

Mughal India and the European Traders  Before the 1700’s European traders made very little impression on India.  In 1526 Bashar founded the Mughal dynasty.

Industry and commerce  Besides producing spices, India was the world’s leader in Textile manufacturing  The Mughal empire was larger richer and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe.

Turmoil and Decline  After Akbar’s successors ended his policy of religious toleration, conflicts rekindled between Hindu and Muslim princes,  Year’s of civil war’s drained Mughals resource.  Rules had increased laws sparked peasant rebellions  Several weak rulers had taken the throne and eventually the government collapsed,

British French Rivalry  As Mughal power failed, French and English traders played off rival Indian princes against each other.  By the mid 1700’s British and the French had become locked in a power struggle for global power.  War between Britain and France erupted in Europe in 1756.

Encounter’s in East Asia  The Europeans in Asia often made a poor impression on their hosts.  Mannucci told how Asians thought that the Europeans were “ill mannered.”  Europeans in contrast wrote very enthusiastically about China.

European trade with china  The Ming dynasty ended its overseas explorations in the mid 1400’s.  Confucian officials had little use for foreigners  “Since our empire owns the world” said a Ming document “there is no country on this or other sides of the which does not submit to us”.

Strict Limits on trade  Portuguese traders reached China by sea in 1514 to the Chinese, the newcomers had little to offer in exchange for silks and porcelain.  Chinese demanded payment in gold or silver.

Scholars and missionaries  A few European scholars, like the brilliant Jesuit priest Matteo Rico made a positive impression on Ming China.  He learned to speak chinese and adopted Chinese dress.

Manchu Conquest  By the early 1600’s the aging Ming dynasty was decaying.  Revolts erupted and Manchu invaders from the North push through the Great Wall of China  In 1644 the Manchu seized Beijing.

Qing Rule  The Manchu set up a new dynasty called the “Qing” meaning pure.  Manchu women were forbidden to follow the traditional Chinese practice of foreboding.  For each top government position the Qing chose two people one Manchu and the other Chinese. The government remained in the hands of the Chinese, but Manchu troops stationed across the empire ensured loyalty.

Prosperity  The Chinese economy expanded. Now crops from the America’s such as potato's and corn boosted farm output.  Chinese population rose from 140 million to 300 million by 1800’s.

Response to Westerners  Qing maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign traders.  Europeans keep pressing to expand trade to cities.  At that time their attitude seemed justifiable because of China’s success.  In the long run it proved disastrous.

Korea and Isolation  Like China, Korea restricted outside contacts from the 1500’s to the 1600’s.  In 1636 the Manchu’s invaded Korea before invading Ming-China  When the Manchu’s set up Qing dynasty Korea because an tributary state, run by its own government but forced to acknowledge Qing’s supremacy.

Japan and foreign traders  The Japanese at first welcomed western traders and in 1543, the Portuguese reached Japan. Later came the Spanish, Dutch and English.  The Japanese quickly acquired western weapons and helped the Fokugawa shoguns centralize power and impose order.  Japan was very open to the European missionaries.  By 1638, the Tokugawas had barred all the western merchants and forbidden Japanese to travel abroad

Looking Ahead  Japan maintained its policy of strict isolation for 200 years,  During this time trade bloomed.  Cities grew in size and importance and some merchant families gained wealth.  In 1853 Japan was forced to open contacts with the western world.  Renewed relations established a extraordinary period of change that helped Japan become a world power.