Gause’s competitive exclusion principle and “the paradox of the plankton” 713/813 Lecture 10.

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Presentation transcript:

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle and “the paradox of the plankton” 713/813 Lecture 10

Gause’s law Two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist if all other ecological factors are constant (http://www.ggause.com)

How do we define “niche” Class: “A set of conditions (resource, environmental, biotic) that an organism exploits/inhabits best to avoid competition” Hutchinson: “an N-dimensional hypervolume”

But why are some ecosystems so diverse? The paradox of the plankton The problem that is presented by the phytoplankton is essentially how it is possible for a number of species to coexist in a relatively isotropic or unstructured environment all competing for the same sorts of materials

The phytoplankton of which Hutchinson speaks Prochlorococcus, the most abundant photosynthetic organism on the planet

How is diversity maintained? How can a liter of seawater have at least 1,000,000 bacteria and 20,000 bacterial species?

Prochlorococcus ecotype specificity

Possible explanations Predation and parasitism -related tradeoffs Frequency-dependent selection (advantage when rare) Resource partitioning and cross-feeding Ecological subdivision (spatial structure, niche subdivision) Dispersal creates environmental variability (could speed up evolution) Symbioses and co-evolution

Diversity resulting from predation/parasitism

Diversity: parasitism With phage Without phage

Diversity: frequency-dependence

Diversity: resource partitioning (illustrating periodic selection)

Diversity: spatial structure Why doesn’t only 1 type prevail?

A tangled bank: laboratory biofilm evolution mimics the ecology of chronic infections