1 Community Ecology Chapter 54. 2 Biological Communities A community consists of all the species that occur together at any particular locality.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Principles of Ecology You will describe ecology and the work of ecologists. You will identify important aspects of an organism’s environment You will trace.
Advertisements

COMMUNITY ECOLOGY.
Chapter Community Ecology: The Interactions of Different Populations I. What is a Community? - An assemblage of species living close enough together.
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY.
Biology II - Community Ecology. Community Concept A community is an assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment.
Community Ecology Chapter 47 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Community and Ecosystem Ecology
1 Community Ecology Chapter 56 2 Biological Communities Community: all the organisms that live together in a specific place –Evolve together –Forage.
1 Community Ecology Chapter Biological Communities Community: all the organisms that live together in a specific place –Evolve together –Forage.
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Living In Ecosystems Chapter 30
Community Ecology Chapter 47 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
1 Dynamics of Ecosystems Chapter Biology Raven and Johnson 7 th Ed.
CHAPTER 53 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section B1: Interspecific Interactions and Community.
Ch. 53 Communities Assembly of species living close enough together for possible interaction Differ in species richness Coevolution describes interactions.
Ch Communities and Ecosystems. How do organisms interact in a community? Properties of a community: Diversity - variety of different kinds of organisms.
Lecture Ecology Chapter 53 ~ Community Ecology. Community structure Community ~ an assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential.
Living In Ecosystems- Population Dynamics Chapter 30 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display.
Community Ecology Chapter 54. Slide 2 of 20 Community  Def. – group of populations (different species) that live close enough to interact  Interspecific.
Chapter 10 Marine Ecology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Community Ecology Chapter 53. Community - group of species living close enough for interaction. Species richness – # of species a community contains;
Chapter 53 Community Ecology.
COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS. COMMUNITY-LEVEL ECOLOGY – COMMUNITY DEF  ?? DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY – DIVERSITY (BIO-DIVERSITY) – PREVALENT.
Interactions in the Ecosystem Biology 250. Species Interactions Symbiosis – A close interaction between two species There are 5 types of symbiosis – Predation.
Movement of Energy Through an Ecosystem: Producers and Consumers PRODUCERS (autotrophs) –plants, bacteria and algae are the first to capture the energy.
Community Ecology Chapter 54.
How Organisms Interact in Communities. Objectives Describe coevolution Predict how coevolution can affect interactions between species Identify the distinguishing.
Community Ecology Chapter 53. Community - group of species living close enough for interaction. Species richness – # of species a community contains;
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Populations of different species that live and interact at same place and same time.
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 52 Community Ecology.
Community Ecology Chapter 52. Community:  All the populations in an ecosystem  Difficult to study  Can be large or small  Have a wide range of interactions.
Community Ecology Chapter 54. Community  Interspecific interactions  Interactions with different species  Competition  Predation  Herbivory  Symbiosis.
Interspecific Interactions and the Ecology of Communities Chapter 57
Community ecology Chapter 56. What is a biological community? Community includes all its species living together. Community includes all its species living.
Chapter 53 – Community Ecology What is a community? A community is a group of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction.
1 Mimicry __________ mimicry – Palatable insects resemble brightly colored, distasteful species.  non-poisonous Viceroy butterfly looks like the _____________.
1 Coevolution and Symbiosis _________________ involves long-term mutual evolutionary character adjustments of two or more species. – _______-_________.
Interactions within Communities. A community consists of all populations of different species that interact together in a given ecosystem. Some organisms.
Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment Click for Term.
Interactions of Living things
Population Interactions Ch. 51. Ecological Community Interactions between all living things in an area Coevolution  changes encourages by interactions.
Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 Ecology: Community Interactions.
Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. What shapes an ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors  living things that affect an organism –biotic.
Chapter 53 ~ Community Ecology
Warm Up 2/10 & 2/11 1.In which trophic level would you place an herbivore? 2.How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? 3.In which.
Ecology Chapter 2. What is Ecology? Ecology is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. Ex. Bird on a tree limb.
Interspecific interactions Competition (-/-) Predation (+/-) Herbivory (+/-) Symbiosis Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+/-)
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY. What is a community? Many species living closely together, so that they interact with each other. What is a species?
How organisms interact. Predator/Prey interactions  Predation - The act of one organism killing another for food.  Ex. Lions eating zebras.
By: Lauren Coffey Ecology Jeopardy Ecology Jeopardy.
Symbiotic Relationships. Predation Predator –Captures, kills, and consumes another individual - the hunter Prey –The hunted.
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 52 Community Ecology Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology,
Community Ecology Chapter 54. Community An assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interactions.
Interactions of Living Things Chapter 1. Everything Is Connected 1.2  All living things are connected in a web of life.  Ecology is the study of how.
Ecology Communities. Community Vocab. Community = all organisms in area Species richness = # different species determined by - abiotic factors determined.
Chapter 37.1 – 37.6 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY. What you need to know! The community level of organization The role of competitive exclusion in interspecific competition.
Communities and Ecosystems
All interactions between biotic factors that can impact an ecosystem
The Biosphere Chapter 3.
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY.
Community Ecology.
Community Ecology Chapter 37.1 – 37.6.
Community Ecology.
Community Ecology A community is a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact.
Community Ecology.
Community Concept An assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment Composition is a listing of various species in.
Community Ecology & Interspecific Interactions
Community Ecology.
Dynamics of Ecosystems: Community Ecology
Ecology Communities.
Presentation transcript:

1 Community Ecology Chapter 54

2 Biological Communities A community consists of all the species that occur together at any particular locality.

3 Fundamental and Realized Niches An organism’s niche is the total of all ways it utilizes the resources of its environment. – fundamental - entire niche potentially available to an organism – realized - actual niche utilized by an organism Habitat is the place where an organism lives.

4 Realized Niche Interspecific competition - Occurs when different species attempt to utilize the same resource. – interference - individuals fighting over the same resource – exploitative - individuals utilizing shared resources

5 Principle of Competitive Exclusion The principle of competitive exclusion states that no two species utilizing the same niche can coexist indefinitely. – one will eventually eliminate the other  Gause’s Paramecium experiments

6 Detecting Interspecific Competition Negative effects of one species on another do not automatically indicate competition. – Presence of one species may attract a predator that consumes both, causing one species to have a lower population size than the other.  must always look at underlying ecological mechanisms

7 Predation and Prey Populations Predation occurs when one organism consumes another. – provides strong selective pressure on prey populations  Any physiologic characteristic or behavior that would decrease the probability of capture should be strongly favored.  increased fitness

8 Plant Defenses Against Herbivores Morphological – thorns, spines, etc. Chemical – secondary chemical compounds Evolutionary response of herbivores – Certain groups of herbivores are associated with each group of plants protected by a particular secondary compound.  coevolution

9 Animal Defenses Against Predators Some animals that feed on plants rich in secondary compounds receive an extra benefit. – caterpillars that feed on members of the milkweed family

10 Animal Defenses Against Predators Chemical defenses – poisons and stings Defensive coloration – aposematic coloration (warning coloration)  individuals advertise poisonous nature – cryptic coloration  camouflage (blending coloration)

11 Mimicry Batesian mimicry – Palatable insects resemble brightly colored, distasteful species. Mullerian mimicry – Unrelated protected species resemble one another.  predators learn more quickly

12 Coevolution and Symbiosis Coevolution involves long-term mutual evolution of two or more species. – predator-prey interactions – symbiotic relationships  two or more kinds of organisms live together in permanent relationships  commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism

13 Commensalism One species in symbiotic relationship benefits while the other is neither helped or hurt. – tropical fish and sea anemones

14 Mutualism Both species in relationship benefit. – mutual cooperation  ants and acacias

15 Parasitism Parasite benefits while inflicting some form of harm to the prey. – ectoparasites  external parasites - lice – endoparasites  internal parasites

16 Interactions Among Ecological Processes Keystone species – Species that have a particularly strong effect on community composition.  top predators

17 Succession Succession is the process of ecosystems changing from a simple to a more complex structure. – primary succession - occurs in bare areas – secondary succession - occurs following disturbance Succession occurs because species alter the habitat and available resources in ways that favor other species.

18 An ecosystem includes all the organisms living in a particular place, and the abiotic environment in which they interact. Producers Autotrophs - capture light energy and manufacture own chemical energy Consumers Heterotrophs - must obtain organic molecules from autotrophs

19 Trophic Levels - Food Chain Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tertiary consumer Primary consumer Primary producer Secondary consumer

20 Trophic Levels Trophic level refers to the feeding level of an organism. Organisms from each trophic level constitute a food chain.

21 The Energy in Food Chains Second Law of Thermodynamics food chains are generally limited to 3 or 4 steps (trophic levels) ultimately determined by the amount of sunlight On average, 10% of the organic matter (energy) transfers from one trophic level to the next.

22 Interactions Among Trophic Levels Trophic cascading effect of one trophic level flows down to lower levels. (top-down effects) Bottom-up effects productivity of an ecosystem is low, herbivore populations will be too small to support any predators.

23 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vegetation Herbivores Productivity

24 Interconnected food chains constitute a food web.