Honors Western Civilization Mrs. Civitella

 Many new protestant groups emerged throughout Europe  Each believed that their interpretation of the Bible and Christianity was correct  Wars of religion would continue before Europeans accepted the idea that two or more religions could coexist

 First called Anabaptists, Baptists argued that infants could not be baptized as members of a church because they were too young to understand Christianity  They restricted baptism and church membership to adults  Anabaptists were persecuted by protestants and Catholics in Germany  Examples of Anabaptists are Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites and Amish

 Faithful catholic  In 1521, Henry wrote an attack on Lutheran teachings  For this Henry was awarded title “Defender of the Faith” by the pope  In 1527, after 18 years of marriage, Henry wanted a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon  They had one child, Mary Tudor

 Henry believed that the stability of England depended on there being a male heir to the throne  In 1527, Henry asked the Church for a divorce so that he could marry Anne Boleyn  The Church did not permit divorce, so Henry asked the pope to annul (cancel in the eyes of the Church) his marriage

 Although popes had annulled royal marriages in the past, Pope Clement VII, did not want to annul Henry and Catherine’s marriage because it would have alienated Catherine’s nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V  The Pope received military protection from the Holy Roman Emperor  Charles V wanted Catherine to be Queen of England to secure his interests in England  Henry then built up sentiment in England against the pope  Many protestants in England supported Henry’s fury with the Church

 In 1533, Henry appointed Thomas Cramer as archbishop  Cramer annulled the marriage between Henry and Catherine  Henry then married Anne Boleyn  In 1534, Henry VIII had Parliament pass the Act of Supremacy which made Henry VIII, not the pope, the head of the church in England

 Many loyal Catholics refused to accept the Act of Supremacy  They were executed for their refusals  Thomas More was one prominent Catholic who believed that separation was not necessary for reform  In 1535, Thomas More was beheaded for treason  He was canonized by the Catholic Church for his actions  From , Henry closed monasteries and convents throughout England  Because he needed money, he sold the land to nobles, wealthy farmers, and merchants  These landowners would later resist any effort to restore land or power to the Catholic Church  The Church of England, also called the Anglican Church, was very similar to the Catholic Church except that priests were allowed to use an English translation of the Bible and they could marry

 Anne Boleyn gave Henry one daughter, Elizabeth  Henry married four more times but had only one son, Edward VI  Henry VIII died in 1547 and his ten year old son Edward inherited the throne  England then swung back and forth between Protestantism and Catholicism

 During Edward’s reign, Protestant Archbishop Thomas Cramer issued the Book of Common Prayer  this book formally separated the rituals and prayers of the Church of England from the Catholic Church  Edward VI died in 1553 and Henry’s oldest daughter, Catholic Mary Tudor, inherited the Throne

 Mary was raised by her mother, Catherine of Aragon, as a Catholic  She was determined to make England a Catholic country again  She persecuted Protestant bishops who would not follow the authority of the Pope  She gave the English people the “option” to return to the Catholic Church  Mary Tudor got her nickname “Bloody Mary” because she burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake  She further separated the English from the Anglican Church when she married Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain  Mary’s reign only strengthened the English people’s support for Protestantism

 Mary died in 1558 and her half sister Elizabeth I became queen  Elizabeth tried to compromise between Protestantism and Catholicism called Anglicanism  Her reforms were known as the Elizabethan Settlement  Most of the English were pleased with Elizabeth’s reforms  Radical protestants, known as Puritans, wanted to “purify” the English Church of all Catholic rituals  These radicals would eventually seek religious freedom in the English colonies in the “New World”

 The “virgin queen”  Patron of the arts- i.e. Shakespeare  Victor of the Spanish Armada  Patron of exploration- Sir Walter Raleigh- discovered Roanoke in 1585  Humanist herself- musician, poet, artists, Fashion icon  Monarch during the Northern Renaissance in England  Named James VI of Scotland, her nephew, her heir uniting England and Scotland