Why have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Key Issue 2

Nationality Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. Unlike ethnicity, to be of the same nationality you practice this connectedness through voting, getting a passport and participating in civic duties Every U.S citizen shares the same nationality although may racially ethnically different. How is this different than ethnicity? Caucus tonight

Ethnic-Nation Clash Nationality is important as it unites people under a government. To categorize people by place of origin helps to document emigrants and immigrants. If people were classified by ethnicity, rather than nation, as many would prefer, this could/has lead to great conflict.

Nation State-Review Through self-determination there are ethnicities that have been transformed into nationalities. Out of this concept a Nation-State was born. Where the ethnic and cultural values of people also share a territory on earth. Territory reflects ethnicity.

Nation States in Europe Europe in 1800’s

Europe 1900

Europe 1919

Europe 1940

Europe 1945

Europe 2008

No perfect nation state With globalization and immigration it is far to difficult to truly be a nation state, with the exception of maybe Japan. When you are then forced to unite people not under the shared cultural values but rather under the collective government, Nationalism is born.

Nationalism Centripetal and Centrifugal forces! Loyalty to a nation- a physical place- U.S.A= #1!!!! Being American!

What makes people loyal to a nation? Media We believe what we hear gov’t influences news. –some worse than others Flags and songs negativity towards others https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pjliE37ENY

Multiethnic/Multinational States More than one ethnicity that contribute to the whole of the culture of the nation- Belgium More than one recognized ethnicity with traditions of self determination but agree to coexist peacefully while recognizing their own nationalities.– UK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNu8XDBSn10 What holds them together? SPORTS! FIFA!!!! Belgium, french and dutch but both belgian Play untl 2:15

Other Multi-National States Former Soviet Union –1991 Made up of 15 republics and based on the 15 largest ethnicities. Other small ethnicities were not given rank and power When the Soviet Union fell, these republics became 15 independent states.

The Baltic's Proximity to the Baltic Sea Three distinct ethnicities Estonians are Lutheran Lithuanians- Catholics Latvians- both with catholic minority Language distinction as well

The “Europeans” Most closely defined as nation states Although do speak similar languages Isolation back in 13/14 centuries helped to forge new cultural traditions Ukraine is country most closely tied to Russia as was evident during the Russian intervention in Ukraine in 2014 Moldova is pretty much the same as Romania but there is a Ukrainian and Russian population that live there that are fighting reunification

Central Asians- “stans” An example of how multinational states can get along Turk and Uz ethnically are different but share the same language family and religion. Very few Russians moved there during the Soviet take over so they have been relatively isolated from outside non-ethnic people. Larger mixes of groups more likely the conflict

Russia as a Multinational State 39 ethnicities are recognized as nationalities inside Russia. 20% of ‘Russians’ are not Russian. The occupy border areas and speak non-Indo European languages.

Chechnya There are a number of independent movements because Russian is less forceful in holding these groups together than the Soviet Union was. Chechnya is one example. Chechens are Sunni Muslims who declared independence after the 1991 fall but Russia needs them for their rich natural resources---petroleum

https://www. google. com/maps/place/Chechnya,+Russia/@43. 2429394,45 https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chechnya,+Russia/@43.2429394,45.7419021,6z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x4051d57c9d13b971:0x7faadc5dead7e13b

The Caucasus Like other soviet regions these were unique and independent ethnicities before Soviet control. These groups prior to Soviet control did not get along but under communist control were forced to cooperate. It was after the fall of the soviet union that tensions reared.

Revival of Ethnic Identity These conflicts in the former republics demonstrate the strength that ethnicity has over nationality. Karl Marx said Nationalism was created by the people in power to control those who labored for the country. But it is Ethnicity that is more powerful than nationality.

Ethnicity and Communism Communism was used to snuff out ethnic identity. The communist government of Bulgaria banned the Turkish language and Islamic religious rituals in an effort to unite citizens under a governmental model rather than a cultural one. People were ‘encouraged’ through centripetal forces to promote the communist agenda. Media and art.

Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe After the fall of the Soviet Union, majority ethnicities were given the opportunity to create nation-states BUT those who were minority ethnic groups were scattered throughout the newly formed nation states. These minorities fought to establish sovereign nation states of their own. The fall of Yugoslavia.