High Middle Ages Mr. Stikes

SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. b. Describe the political impact of Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor).

Important Figures Pope Gregory VII: (1073-1085) - Pope King Henry IV: (1056-1106) King of Holy Roman Empire

The Church and Politics How did the church influence politics?” Best example: “Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) Lay Investiture: Lay (non-church) leaders [kings] wanted to appoint clergy (church) leaders [bishops]

“Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture (meaning on he could appoint bishops) – King Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire does not want to give up this power

“Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) Gregory VII threatens to excommunicate Henry. Henry tried to “depose” the pope (take him out of office) Pope tells Henry’s vassals they no longer have to listen to him Henry’s lords rebel & defeat him at Canossa (1077)

“Lay Investiture” Controversy (1074-1122) Ends with Concordat of Worms (1122) Emperor lost the right to appoint bishops while retaining the right to grant them land and secular political power Long Term Results: Political destabilization in central Europe until 1870’s Germany and Italy not unified, unlike France and England

Height of Medieval Papal Power Innocent III (1198-1216) Goal: unite all of Christendom under papal rule to able to bring right order to the world How? Crusades against heretics and to the Middle East

SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. c. Explain the role of the church in medieval society.

The Role of the Church Christians throughout Western Europe recognized the Pope as the supreme spiritual leader. Pope could provide legitimacy to a leader: ex. – crowning of Charlemagne In return, leaders provided military support ex. - Donation of Pepin – Holy Roman Empire will protect Rome

So… Secular leaders provided military strength in exchange for Recognition of Papal (i.e. God’s) support

Problems in Europe 9th and 10th centuries: Viking invasions leaves a power vacuum – the Church is the sole unified power throughout Europe

Problems in Europe Problems with the church: Illiterate parish priests Bishops appointed by kings – often immoral

Reforms in Europe Monasticism: Tradition of Christians living outside the world began in Egypt (hermits) Gradually, monasteries developed. Important… Monasteries: Cluny Orders: Franciscans, Dominicans Reformers: Francis of Assisi - (1182- 1226) preached a life of total poverty, charity and good works, and love for all; became one of the largest and most powerful of the monastic orders

Reforms in Europe Inquisition: Popular Movements: Founded by Pope Gregory IX in 1232 to root out heresy – became misused Popular Movements: Albigensians: who rejected the leadership of the Church and marriage, all forms of materialism, and cooperation with the state Waldensians: founded by Peter Waldo, who preached poverty, a strict moral life, and the use of the vernacular language

SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. d. Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities.

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Agriculture increased Reasons: End of invasions from Eastern Europe/Asia Cultivation/clearing of new land Spread of new techniques and technology (crop rotation, metal plow, horse collar) Use of wind and water mills to provide power

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Increase in food Population growth Revival of trade, rise of towns (remember, excess food usually leads to technological innovation)

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Revival of trade Reasons: Surplus food allows for specialization Crusades encourage trade from Italy to Middle East/Constantinople Cities like Pisa, Genoa, Milan and Venice take lead Europeans want luxury goods like spices, silks Stable government in Kievan Rus (Russia…remember?) allows for trade to N. Europe Sea trade via Baltic Sea, rivers, Black Sea

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Revival of trade Results: Rise of money economy in Europe (Why?) Beginning of banking system

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Rise of cities Reasons: Excess food supplies Increased Trade

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Rise of cities Results: Rise of a middle class Had no place in feudal system Master artisans, merchants Belief in individual initiative Began to demand role in government

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Rise of cities Results: Rise of Guilds Guild: “medieval business association of merchants or crafts workers” Purpose: control price, quality Levels of skill: apprentice, journeyman, master

High Middle Ages in Europe: A.D. 1050-1300 Rise of cities Results: Freedom Outside feudal system, serfs could become free and advance in cities Money allowed large building projects and provided protection

Assignment Create a study guide including the following: Crusades: Why do they matter? Gregory VII Henry IV (HRE) Lay Investiture Concordat of Worms Relationship between church and politics 2 Problems with the Medieval church 3 Reforms of the Medieval church How agriculture revived trade, which in turn led to the rise of cities.