Leo X Medici (1513-1521) election demonstrates restored Medici power traditional alliance of Popes & Florence strengthened Hadrian VI (1522-23) Dutch Pope;

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Leo X Medici ( ) election demonstrates restored Medici power traditional alliance of Popes & Florence strengthened Hadrian VI ( ) Dutch Pope; last non-ltalian pope until 20th C. Polish Pope Clement VII Medici ( ) prisoner during Sack of Rome (1527) by the German troops of Emperor Charles V Hapsburg

Dwarfing of italy, French (Valois) invasions of Italy: 1494 Charles VIII 1498 Louis XII called in by Venice against Milan 1515 Francis I -victory at Marignano, occupation of Milan defeated at Pavia 1525 by Charles V Emperor Charles V of Holy Roman Empire 1519 Imperial election: Hapsburg Charles I of Spain elected as German Emperor Leo X makes alliance with Charles V against France

Hapsburg - Valois Wars struggle for Milan between France & Empire 1525 BATTLE OF PAVIA: Imperial victory, Francis taken prisoner Pope & Italian states begin to fear Imperial victory 1526 TREATY OF MADRID: Francis renounces claims to Burgundy, Netherlands, Italy; Francis marries Charles sister 1526 LEAGUE OF COGNAC: broad alliance against Charles V by France, Papacy, Italians (Milan, Florence, Venice) due to fear of Imperial power taking over all of Italy

1527 SACK OF ROME: lasts from May to February by German Imperial troops, many Lutheran occupy the Vatican, used to house troops worst Sack of city in terms of people killed Pope Clement VII (Medici) prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo

Clement VII Medici Sebastiano del Piombo c

Agnolo Bronzino Clement VII

MEDICI SUCCESSION AFTER 1512 (r. = ruler of Florence) LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT (r ) and GIULIANO (d. 1478) sons: GIOVANNI – LEO X illegitimate sons: 1) GIULIO – Cardinal (r ) & = POPE CLEMENT VII PIERO (r , d. 1503) 2) IPPOLITO – (r ) grand- co-ruler with Alessandro son: LORENZO, DUKE OF URBINO (r ) daughter Catherine de’ Medici ALESSANDRO (r & ): illegitimate son either of Lorenzo Duke of Urbino, or of Pope Clement VII CARDINAL GIULIO (r ; POPE CLEMENT VII ) THE MEDICI “BASTARDS” - co-rulers, ) IPPOLITO (illegitimate son of Giuliano) ALESSANDRO (r & ) illegitimate son either of Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino or of Pope Clement VII RESTORATION OF FLORENTINE REPUBLIC 1530 RESTORATION OF ALESSANDRO AS DUKE assassinated as tyrant by anti-Medici plot DUKE COSIMO I: rules as absolute monarch

Alessandro dei Medici First Duke of Florence Duke

Alessandro dei Medici 1534 First Duke of Florence in 1530