Lecture 24 Pope Innocent III Dr. Ann T. Orlando 23 October

Introduction Pope Innocent III Fourth Lateran Council Universities 2

Pope Innocent III (1160 – 1216) Born in Anagani, Italy Studied at Universities of Rome, Paris and Bologna Named Cardinal-Deacon by Pope Clement III Elected Pope in 1198 Died in Rome,

Key Points of Pontificate of Innocent III Expanded role of papacy in secular affairs Expanded Canon Law Called the Fourth Crusade Convened the Fourth Lateran Council Approved Dominican and Franciscan orders 4

Innocent III and Western Politics Resolved a disputed election of new HRE in ; wrote a decretal affirming: German princes elect king, who will then be HRE This right was given to German princes by the Holy See, which transferred Imperial title from Greeks to Charlemagne If the Pope thinks the elected king unworthy, princes must elect someone else If princes cannot agree on a king, Pope will select one King John of England refused to accept Innocent's selection as Archbishop of Canterbury Innocent places an interdict on England (no sacraments for population) King of France threatens to invade England John relents; and is placed in a very weakened position leading to Magna Carta Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913: There was scarcely a country in Europe over which Innocent III did not in some way or other assert the supremacy which he claimed for the papacy. 5

The Lateran Recall, site given by Constantine in 4 th C to the Pope to be the Pope’s palace Throughout the Middle Ages, Lateran was location of Curia and administrative offices Vatican offices were developed by the Renaissance Popes Part of rebuilding of St. Peter’s after fall of Constantinople

First Three Lateran Councils First Lateran (1123, Callistus II) Reinforced Concordat of Worms Forbade clergy and monks to marry or have concubines Monks and others within a diocese had to obtain chrism oils from bishop Second Lateran Council (1139, Innocent II) Condemned marriage and concubines among clergy Prohibited jousting and dueling No bishopric left vacant more than three years Kings to administer justice in consultation with ecclesial authorities Third Lateran Council (1179, Alexander III) Cardinal-bishops elect pope with 2/3 majority required Forbade extortion of money for administration of sacraments 7

Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Included Patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem (Latin) Doctrine of transubstantiation (Canon 1) Exhorted Greeks to reunite with Roman Church; only one shepherd of the Church (Canon 4) Papal Primary, followed by Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem (Canon 5) Forbade establishment of new religious orders (Canon 13) Christians must confess their sins at least once per year (Canon 21) Payment of tithes (Canon 54) Jews and Muslims must wear special dress to distinguish them from Christians (Canons 78, 79) 8

Papacy after Innocent III Time of increasing tension between popes and civil rulers 16 popes between 1216 – 1294 (Boniface VIII) Including two multi-year periods without a pope Selection of popes increasingly dependent on national interests of cardinals 9

Early Paris Paris started as a Roman town, Lutetium Renamed Paris in 3 rd C after local Celtic tribe First Christian missionaries probably sent by Pope Fabian in 3 rd C First bishop was Dionysius, or Denis St. Denis and his companions were martyred by the Romans on Montmarte (Mont of the martyrs) There may have been a pagan temple where Notre Dame now stands After Constantine the Great, several churches were built in Paris, including one on the site of Notre Dame 10

Building the Cathedral of Notre Dame By tradition, the first stone was laid in 1163 But not completed until 1250, with additional work after that for the next several centuries Built in the ‘Gothic’ style that became the standard for grand church architecture throughout Europe in the Middle Ages As the primary cathedral of Paris, Notre Dame assumed an important role in Church and French political history 11

Importance of Paris in Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, Paris was transformed from a small fishing and trading town to an important political capital Center for many trade guilds With this transformation, Church in Paris also became very important A place of learning 12

Beginning of University System Churches, especially cathedrals and monasteries were primary sources of education for nearly 1,000 years in Europe Recall that Alcuin of York under Charlemagne had began system of schools throughout kingdom During 11 th C, Pope Gregory VII initiated many reforms, including requirements for education of secular clergy Bishops established cathedral schools Education focused on Canon law, administration, higher learning Enrollment not limited to clergy 13

Universities and the Church The university system as we know it today grew out of the Cathedral schools of the Middle Ages Most famous and important was the Cathedral School of Notre Dame Became the University of Paris, also known as the Sorbonne Students from all over Europe sought to enter the most prestigious schools To be an universitas an institution had to recognized as such by the Pope ‘Nation’ was a fraternal group of students at the major universities who came from the same region and spoke the same local language 14

Medieval University Degrees Bachelors degree Six years to obtain Study of seven liberal arts Masters degree Four to six more years Specialization in law, medicine or theology Theology was most important and prestigious Holder of masters degree could teach others Doctorate Several more years of study Holder could teach at most prestigious universities 15

Evolution of Modern University System During Renaissance City-state and national courts develop their own ‘cultural’ centers Development of vernacular language and literature Eventually universities become more secular Seminaries are formally established at Council of Trent 16